None of the line items that are included in the following outline are meant to be links.
The outline itself represents the material that is to be covered in the upcoming book known by the above title (available after June 2037).

Foreword by Nicholas Anthony Tockert II

1. Introduction to Excalibur, Sword of Logres
2. Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison: The Name “Excalibur”, Multiple “Excalibur-class Swords”, and Other Swords and Weapons
1. Introduction to the Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison: The Name “Excalibur”, Multiple “Excalibur-class Swords”, and Other Swords and Weapons
2. Meaning and Origin of the Name “Excalibur”
1. Introduction to Meaning and Origin of the Name “Excalibur”
2. वज्र/Vajrā/Vajra/(thunderbolt)
1. legendary and ritualistic weapon
2. symbolising the properties of a diamond (indestructibility) and a thunderbolt (irresistible force)
3. type of club with a ribbed spherical head
1. ribs may meet in a ball-shaped top
2. or they may be separate and end in sharp points with which to stab
4. weapon of Indra (the Vedic king of the devas and heaven)
5. considered one of the most powerful weapons in the universe
6. possibly derived from proto-Indo-European root weg’, which means “to be(come) powerful”
1. related to proto-West-Uralic vaśara (“axe, mace”; later vasara “hammer”)
2. an early loanword from the proto-Indo-Aryan vaj’ra, but not from proto-Iranian
3. Κεραυνός/Kerav̱nós/Keraunos/(thunderbolt, lightning strike)
1. possibly from proto-Indo-European ḱerh (“to smash, shatter”)
2. replaced by κεραΐζω/keraḯzō (“to shatter”)
3. typical for the “thunderbolt” of Zeus
4. Καλα-ϝροψ/Καλαῦροψ/Kalaurops/Kalabrop(s)/Calabrops/(club, septa, staff, crook)
1. possibly derived from शल/śala (“spear, staff”)
2. or κλάω/kláō (“to break”)
3. or from a pre-Greek word
1. appearing in pre-Greek substrate (or pre-Greek substratum)
   consisting of unknown pre-Indo-European language(s)
   spoken in prehistoric Greece before the advent of the proto-Greek language
   in the Greek peninsula during the Bronze Age
5. Mjölnir/Mjǫllnir
1. Developed from Proto-Norse melluniaR
1. one proposed derivation connects this form to Old Church Slavonic mlunuji and Russian molnija meaning ‘lightning’
2. either borrowed from a Slavic source or both stemming from a common source
3. subsequently yielding the meaning ‘lightning-maker’
2. Another proposal connects Mjǫllnir to Old Norse mjǫll meaning ‘new snow’ and modern Icelandic mjalli meaning ‘the colour white’, rendering Mjǫllnir as ‘shining lightning weapon’
3. Finally, another proposal connects Old Norse Mjǫllnir to Old Norse mala meaning ‘to grind’ and Gothic malwjan ‘to grind’, yielding Mjǫllnir as meaning ‘the grinder’
4. Passed from Brokkr
5. To Odin
6. To Thor
6. Gram(r)/(wrath)/Balmung/Nothung/(child of need)
1. Description
1. all decked with gold and gleaming bright
2. Depending on how the text of the Volsunga Saga is read
• the sword may or may not have a dragon emblazoned on it
• depending on the translation, it may have been “brown of hue”
2. Passed from Odin
3. To Sigmund
4. To Sigurd
7. Kaleto-bolgos/(hard lightning)/Kaletios-bolcc/(hard lightning)/Caletbolocos/(hard lightning(/clod/lump/sharp))/Caladbuilc(c)/(literally, hard lightning; also, in the plural, a generic term for “great swords”)/Caladbuilg/(hard bellows/bag/lightning)
1. (In) Calad(-)bolg/(the hard cleft/lightning/belly)/(Caladbolg/Caledbolg)/(hard cleft/lightning/belly)/(voracious)/(An) Calad(h)c(h)olg/((the) hard blade/sword)/Caladcholc/(hard blade/sword)
   1. Sword of Fe(a)rg(h)us mac Roech/Roich/Roy/Róig/Rossa
   2. Sword of Fergus mac Léti/Léte/Léide/Leda
   3. Unclear if they are the same Fergus
2. Caledfwlch/Caledbwlch/(hard breach/cleft)/Caledwich/Caladfwlch/Calwdvwlch/Caladviolch/Caladvw(l)ch/Caledvw(l)ch/(hard notch)
1. Cledyf Lluch (Lleawc) — Sword (Flashing/Bright) (of Lleawc(h)
• Caladvwch
• Caledvwlch
2. Sword of Arthur
• Caletuwlch/Kaletvwlch/Kaledvoulc’h/Kaledvoul’ch/Caledvolc/(hard cleft)
• Calesvol/Calleva/Calleba/Cal(l)ib(o)urc/Caliban/C(h)alabrum/C(h)alabrun/Caleburn/Caliburn(i)(us)
• Sword Caliburnus was used in the Battle of Badon
• Calibo(u)r(n)(e)/Cal(l)ib(o)(u)r(c)(h)/Estalibore/Escalibor(c)/Esicalibur/Es(e)calibur/Esclariber/Excal(i/à)bor(d)/Excalibar/Exc(h)alebur/Excalabur/Excalibur/(cut-steel)
• Sword of Constantine III — Caliburc
• Morgan gifts Esclariber to Florambel
• Arthur’s Sword Escalibor
• In Merlin
• By Henry Lovelich
• c AD 1450
• Arthur’s Sword Excalàbor
• In King Ryence’s Challenge (King Rions’ Challenge)
• Sixteenth Century AD
• Arthur’s Sword Excalibar
• In King Arthur’s Death
• Sixteenth Century AD
• Sword of Gawain
• Escalibor
• Excalibor(d)
• Exc(h)alebur — ex (out of) + chalyb(u)s (steel or iron) + ebur(n)(us) (white/(decorated with/made partially out of ivory)
3. Existence of Multiple “Excalibur-class Swords”
1. Introduction to Existence of Multiple “Excalibur-class Swords”
2. Before Arthur:
1. वज्र/Vajrā/Vajra/(diamond thunderbolt, axe, mace)/Vasara/(hammer)
2. Sword with a “Wootz” blade, made in the Indus Valley (Southeastern India, Northwestern Sri Lanka)
3. “Khopesh/Khepesh-Style Sword”
4. Κεραυνός/Kerav̱nós/Keraunos/(thunderbolt, lightning strike)/Ḱerh/(to smash, shatter)/Κεραΐζω/Κeraḯzō/(to shatter)
5. Καλα-ϝροψ/Καλαῦροψ/Kalaurops/Kalabrop(s)/Calabrops/(club, septa, crook, spear, staff)/(to break)
6. Mjölnir/Mjǫllnir/(lightnning, shining lightning weapon, the grinder)
7. Gram(r)/(wrath)/Balmung/Nothung/(child of need)
8. The Sword In Crom Catha (The Swoop of Battle)
9. “Sword of Archangel Michael” میکائیل/مایکل/(mikâ'il)/(mâykel)/(who is like strength/power)
10. The Sword Úar-gháoth/Uarghaoth (Cold Wind)
11. Sword(s) of Gaius Iulius Caesar
12. Sword of Tiberius Claudius Nero (as a Gladius)
13. Sword of Prince Nennius/Nennios of Briton
14. “Sword of Rex Nemorensis”
15. The Sword An Caladh-c(h)olg (The Hard Blade/Sword)
16. Sword of Magnus Maximus/Maxen Wledig (as an Early Byzantine blade)
17. Hew na Comhlachtaí (Hew the Bodies)
18. An “Excalibur-class Sword” is passed to the Lady of the Lake/(a “sorcerous damosel”)
3. During Arthur:
1. “Sword in the Stone” (Sword of Camulos)/(Sword of Mars)/(Sword of War God)/(Sword of Gods)/(Sword of Attila)
2. “Excalibur” is bestowed upon Arthur
3. Excalibur is returned to “The Lake” and is thereafter most likely retrieved by a water fairy (perhaps the Lady of the Lake herself)
4. After Arthur:
1. Cadwr, Earl of Cornwall, rose with Arthur’s sword
2. Constantine III, who was the nephew of Arthur, had the sword Caliburc
3. Sometime between AD 1170 and AD 1180, Galgano Guidotti’s sword
4. In AD 1191, King Richard the Lionheart presented “Caliburn(us)” to his ally, Tancred of Lecce (King of Sicily)
5. Supposedly in AD 1215, “Excalibur” was in the Royal Regalia lost by King John
6. During the early Thirteenth Century AD, (Ex)calibur(n) had been passed down to one of Tancred’s successors
7. In AD 1229, Frederick II presented (Ex)calibur(n) to Πέτρος Κορώνηωυ (Pétros Korónioy: Peter of Corone)
8. By Fifteenth Century AD, Arthur is brought back to life by Morgan who finds her brother imprisoned in Constantinople, where she restores him to his mind by making him gaze upon his reflection in Excalibur’s blade
4. Other Swords and Weapons, Comparison with and in Addition to Excalibur
1. Introduction to Other Swords and Weapons, Comparison with and in Addition to Excalibur
2. Swords
1. Great Glaive of the Mighty Enchanter
1. Uther Pendragon
2. Arthur
2. Sword in the Stone
1. (Uther Pendragon)
2. Merlin
3. Arthur
3. Sword of Attila/Mars/Camulos/(War God)/(Gods)
1. Legendary weapon carried by Attila the Hun
2. Was possibly broken in the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains (Battle of Châlons) on 20 June AD 451
3. May have been related to the sword Joyeaux/Joyeuse/Joiuse once supposedly belonging to Lancelot, then to Charlemagne/Karlamagnus
4. Clarent/(my clean darling)/(crown of all swords)/(a bright sword shining like silver)
1. (Merlin)
2. Arthur
3. Mordred
5. Mirandoise/Marandois(e)/Marmiadoise/Marmy(a)do(y)se/Marundois
1. (Vulcan)
2. Hercules
3. ...
4. Adrastus
5. Tydeus
6. Eteocles
7. Polynices
8. ...
9. King Rience/Rions/Ryons/Retho
10. Arthur
6. Brownsteel
7. Chastiefol
1. The name of Arthur’s sword
2. In Le Chevalier du Papegau (The Knight of the Parrot)
8. Gala(n)tine/Galantyne/Galuth
1. (The Lady of the Lake)
2. Gawain
9. Seure/Sequence/Seca(n)ce
10. Aro(u)ndight/Arondite/Alondite
1. La(u)ncelot of the Lake
2. ...
3. G(u)y of Ham(p)to(u)n
4. Sir Bev(o)is/Beves/Beues of Ham(p)to(u)n
11. Gastiga-Folli/Chiarente/Chiarenza/Clarence/Altachiara/(Haut(e) Claire)/Hauteclere/Halteclere/Haut(e)claire/(very bright)
1. Sir Lancelot of the Lake
2. ...
3. Guidone d’Antona
4. B(u)ovo d’Antona
5. (Closamont)
6. Ulivieri/Oliver
12. Tanlladwyr
13. Coreiseuse
14. Kurt/Curtana/(short)/Curtayne/Cortaine/Cortana/(Colbrand’s Brand)
1. Sword of Mercy
2. Tristan
3. ...
4. Charlemagne/Karlamagnus
5. (Ogier the Dane)/(Olgerus, dux Daniae)/(Olger, War-Leader of the Danes)
6. Miles, the second son of Sir Bevis
15. Almace/Almice/Almacia
1. Charlemagne/Karlamagnus
2. Turpin
16. Durandal/Durendal/Dur(l)indana/Dyrumdali/(enduring/inflexible)
1. Hector of Troy
2. ...
3. Helmont
4. ...
5. Charlemagne/Karlamagnus
6. (Malagigi/Maugris)
7. Roland/Orlando
17. Murgleys/Morgleis/Morglay
1. (Madelger of Regensburg)
2. Ganelon
3. Elias the Swan Knight
4. King Cornumarant of Jerusalem
5. Baudouin of Sebourc
6. Le Batard de Bouillon
7. ...
8. Sir Be(a)v(o)is/Be(u)ve(s)/Beu(fv)es/Bueve of/de Ham(p)to(u)n(e)/Hanton(n)e
18. (Sword/Blade of/with the Strange Sheath/Hangings)/Gioisa
1. King David of Israel
2. King Solomon of Israel
3. ...
4. Maimed King Parian/Parlan of the Wasteland
5. (Perceval)
6. Galahad/Galasso
7. ...
8. Charlemagne/Karlamagnus
9. ...
10. Bovo d’Antona
19. Sword with the Red Hilt
1. Balin
2. (Merlin)
3. Galahad
4. Perceval
20. Broken Sword
1. Saracen seneschal Elyezer
2. Bors
21. Cortesea
1. Guiron’s sword in Luigi Alamanni’s Girone/Gyrone il Cortese (Guiron the Courteous) (AD 1548)
2. Bears an inscription likened to Excalibur’s runes
3. Miraculous sharpness and ceremonial unveiling mirror the sword-in-the-stone trope
22. Wunderstreich
1. Gydo’s blade in Gydo und Thyrus (Guido und Tirius — Guy and Tirius) (Sixteenth Century AD)
2. Blessed at Arthur’s altar
3. An echo of Excalibur’s consecration, underscoring divine sanction for true knights
23. Dyrnwyn, Gleddyf Rhydderch Hael
1. White-Hilt
2. Sword of Rhydderch the Generous
3. Possibly connected to Owain D(d)an(t)(g)wyn/(Owain White-Tooth)
24. Orna, Sword of Tethra
1. (Ogma)
2. Tethra
3. Manannan
25. Claideb/Claíomh Solais
1. Sword of Light
2. Shining Sword
3. King Núad(h)a
26. Fragarach
1. Answerer
2. Belonging to Manannan
27. Claideb/Claíomh Lúg(h) (Lámf(h)ada)
1. Sword of Lúgh (of the Long Arm(s)/(Long Hands)/(Artful Hands))
2. Sword of (the nimble) Lúg
28. Cruaidín Catutchenn
1. Hard-headed Steeling
2. Shone at night like a candle
3. Cúchulainn
4. Socht
5. Duibhdhriu
29. “Golden Sword of Invincibility”
1. Yahweh
2. Jeremiah the Prophet
3. Judas Maccabee/Machabee
30. Gram(r)/(wrath)/Balmung/Nothung/(child of need)
1. Description
• all decked with gold and gleaming bright
• Depending on how the text of the Volsunga Saga is read
• the sword may or may not have a dragon emblazoned on it
• depending on the translation, it may have been “brown of hue”
2. Odin
3. Sigmund
4. Sigurd
31. Joyeaux/Joyeuse/Joiuse/(Joyous Gard?)
1. Lancelot
2. ...
3. Charlemagne/Karlamagnus
32. Nag(e)lring/Naegling/Hrunting
1. The sword of Dietrich von Bern
• Given to Dietrich by Elbegast
• Elbegast had stolen it from Grim the giant
2. In Thidrekssaga
• Taken from Alfrik the dwarf
• By Thidrek
3. Given to Beowulf
• By his uncle Hygelac
• Used to kill Grendell
33. Ros(s)e(n)
1. Alberich
2. Ortnit
34. Dzus-Quara, sword of Batraz/Pataraz
35. Floberge/Flamberge
36. Margleis
37. Preciuse
38. Egeking
39. Kusanagi 早薙 (“Brass Mower”)/Kusanagi-no-Tsurugi 草薙の剣 (“Grass-Cutting Sword”)
1. Originally called Mura-kumo 那雲 (“Assembled Clouds”)/Ame-no-Murakumo-no-Tsurugi 天叢雲剣 (“Heavenly Sword of Gathering Clouds”)
2. (Yamata no Orocni/Orochi)
3. Susano(-)o 須佐之男
4. Amaterasu
5. Nimgi 邇邇芸
6. Yamato-hime/Yamatohime-no-mikoto
7. Yamato-takeru
40. Thuân Thiên
41. Tizón/Tizona and Colada
42. Zulfiqar
43. Sword of Laban
44. Misteltein(n)/Mistilteinn/Mystletainn
45. Tyrfing/Tirfing/Tyrving
46. S(h)ar-Gaz — a double-edged scimitar of Nin-Ur-Ta
3. Other Weapons and Arms/Armour
1. Knife/Dagger — Karnwennan/Carnwennan/Carnwenhau
1. In Trioedd Ynys Prydein/Prydain (Triads of British Isle, or Welsh Triads)
2. King Arthur’s Knife/Dagger
3. (Little White Hilt)
2. Spears/Lances
1. Rhongomyniad/Rhon(o)gomyant/Rhongomiant/Rhongowennan/Ron/(slayer/slaying spear)/(“hard, broad, and thirsty for slaughter”)
• (Griffin)
• Uther Pendragon
• King Arthur
2. Maltet
3. Sleg/Sleá Lúgh, Sleá Bua
• Spear of Lúgh
• (Invincible) Spear of Victory (for the death of great champions)
4. Gáe Assail
• Lightning Spear
• Belonging to Lugh
5. Sleg/Sleá Núada — (Deadly) Spear of (King) Núada
6. Lúin/Luin
• Long Fiery Lance/Spear
• Wielded by
• Celtchair/Celtchar(in) mac Uthechar/Uthidir
• Dubthach Dóeltenga
• Mac Cé(a)cht
• mac Snáide Techid (son of Snaide Teichet)
• Monodar, son of Conrach Cas
• Fe(i)d(h)limid(h)/Felim mac Da(i)ll
7. Spears of Cúchulainn/Cuchulainn
• Cletine/Duaibhseach
• Gáe Bulg/Bolg/(bolg - swelling with anger, to be angry, bag of leather, belly/stomach)
3. Ship/Shield — Prytwenn/Prydwen/Pridewyn/Pridwen(n)/Priven
1. King Arthur’s Ship in Preiddeu Annw(fy)n (Spoils of Annwn), and Culhwch ac Olwen (Culhwch/Kilhwch and Olwen/Olwyn)
2. King Arthur’s Shield in Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Regum Britanniæ (History of Kings of Britain), or De Gestis Britonum (Of Deeds of Britons)
3. (Fair/White/Blessed Face/Form)
4. Shields
1. Wynebgwrthucher/(face of evening)
• In Culhwch ac Olwen (Culhwch/Kilhwch and Olwen/Olwyn). Originally early/mid Eleventh Century AD (AD 990/1100).
• Arthur’s Shield
2. Shield of Sir Gawain and its Red (gules) background on which is placed a Gold (or) Single-Headed Eagle
• In Perlesvaus, or Le/Li Hauz Livre(s) du Graal (The High Book(s)/History of the Grail). early Thirteenth Century AD (AD 1192/1205/1220/1225).
• Gawain won the shield that was once carried by the Jewish hero of the 2nd century BC, named Judas Maccabee/Machabee
• Gawain gained the shield when he defeated an unnamed knight
3. Three Shields of Lancelot
• In Lancelot do Lac (Lancelot of the Lake). AD 1215/1220.
• The Lady of the Lake
• A Damsel of the Lady of the Lake
• Lancelot
• Descriptions of the Shields
• All Three Shields have a White (argent) Background
• First Shield has one diagonal Red (gules) Band
• Second Shield has two diagonal Red (gules) Bands
• Third Shield has three diagonal Red (gules) Bands
4. Shield of Joseph of Arimathea
• Joseph of Arimathea
• Maiden of the Cart
• Perlesvaus/Perceval
5. Shield of King Mordrain
• King Evalach of Saras (later King Mordrain)
• Shield’s Guardian
• Galahad
6. Shield of Achilles
• In Homer. Ἰλιάς (Iliás: Iliad; or Song of Ilion, or Song of Ilium). Eighth Century BC.
• Hephaestus
• Thetis
• Achilles
• Description of the Shield
• Constellations
• Heaven
• Earth
• Seas
• Balanced by Scenes of Human Life
7. Shield of Aeneas
• In Virgil’s Aeneid,
• Vulcan
• Aeneas
• Used during War against the Rutuli People of Italy
• Decorated with Detailed Imagery
• of the Destiny of Rome
• and Aeneas’ Descendants
8. Aegis
• In Homer. Ἰλιάς (Iliás: Iliad; or Song of Ilion, or Song of Ilium). Eighth Century BC.
• Zeus and Athena
• Lent to Apollo
• Description
• Made from the Hide of an Aix (goat nymph)
• Sometimes features the Head of a Gorgon
• In Some Works of Art, Aegis is depicted as an Animal Skin protecting Athena
9. Shield of Ajax
• Tychius
• Ajax
• Description of Shield
• Extremely Durable
• Made from Seven Layers of Bull’s Hide and One Layer of Bronze
10. Ancile
• Mars
• King Numa Pompilius of Rome
• The shield stopped a plague which inflicted the city
• Pompelius was informed that Rome would dominate as long as the Ancile shield was protected
• In response, Pompelius ordered the construction of eleven replicas of Ancile
• That way, thieves would be unable to distinguish the real Ancile from the fakes
• All twelve shields are known as the Ancilia and were kept safe in the temple of Mars under the care of twelves priests
• The Ancilia were paraded around Rome every March
11. Svalinn (“cooler”)
• In the Poetic Edda,
• The Shield that Stands before the Sun
• It protects the Mountains from Burning and the Sea from Boiling
• Protects the Earth from the Sun’s Damaging Rays
• Several Interpretations exist as to the Symbolism of Svalinn
• Shields are Important to Many Types of Mythology, and Symbolise the Sun due to their (oftentimes) Round Shape
• Some Experts believe Svalinn is an Early Understanding of the Earth’s Protective Layer, which absorbs Most of the Sun’s Ultraviolet Light
12. Ochain/Acéin
• In the Ulster Cycle of Irish mythology
• Enchanted Shield of King Conchobhar mac Nessa of Ulster (Uncle of Cu Chulainn)
• Ochain is a Shield Rimmed with Gold and has the Ability to Call Out a Warning when Danger is Near
• Conchobhar lent Ochain to his Son Fiachra for Use in a Battle
• The Shield cried out a Warning to Conchobhar that Fiachra was in Danger and saved Fiachra during this Event
13. Derg-Druimnech (“red-backed”)
• Shield of King Domnall Breac of Dál Riata
• During the Battle of Moira,
• Derg-Druimnech protected Domnall from a spear that passed through three other shields
• Domnall’s shield was the only one able to stop the spear
• Domnall still recieved some injuries during this battle, but was victorious in the end
14. Shatachandra
• Strongest Shield in Hinduism
• Belongs to the God Vishnu and is used along with his Club, Sword, Quivers, and Arrows
• Vishnu used Shatachandra to Fend Off and Destroy One Trillion “demons”
5. Byrnie/(long sleeveless tunic of chain mail)/(hauberk)
1. (Wigar/Wygar/(wigheard/battle-hard)/(Witeʒe/Wudia, son of Wayland))
2. Arthur
6. Helmet — Goswhit/Goswiht/(goose white)
1. Uther Pendragon
2. King Arthur
7. Spurs
1. In Blancheflor et Floire,
2. Golden Spurs
3. Given by Blancheflor to Floire
4. As a Love Token — “Spurs of Love”
5. Made of Egyptian Gold
6. Complete Floire’s Noble Attire:
• Sor un destrier estoit montez,
  afublez d’un mantel hermin;
  galopant vient tot le chemin;
  s’ot cote d’un dïapre noble
  qui fu fez an Costantinoble;
  chauces de paile avoit chauciees,
  molt bien fetes et bien tailliees;
  Et fu es estriés afichiez,
  uns esperons a or chauciez. vv94-102
• ‘He had mounted a charger,
  dressed in an ermine-trimmed cloak,
  an elegant tunic
  of brocaded silk from Constantinople,
  and silk leggings
  that were finely formed and cut.
  As he galloped along the road,
  he was firmly fixed in the stirrups,
  wearing gold spurs.’
8. Bow — Fail-not/Unfailing Bow
9. Maces
1. Of Nin-Ur-Ta (literally Lady Mighty Character)
• S(h)ar-Ur
• [S(h)ar-Gaz — a double-edged scimitar]
2. Of Baal — made by Kothar
• Ayamur
• Yagrush
10. Hammer — Mjölnir
1. Odin
2. Thor
3. Beginnings
1. “Excalibur” was forged
1. Isle of Avalon
2. Otherworld
3. La Fontaine de Barenton (The Fountain of Barenton) in Forêt de Brocéliande (Forest of Brocéliande)
1. Referenced in the Post Vulgate’s Estoire de Merlin (History of Merlin)
2. Here The Lady of the Lake makes Excalibur for Merlin
3. So that he will be invulnerable
4. Later Merlin decides that Arthur should have Excalibur
4. (Mt Ætna/Etna)/(Gibel Uttamat)/Mon(t)gibel(lo)/Monte(-)gibel
5. Anatolia, Caucasus, and the Balkans
1. The Chalybes/Kalybes
1. Sarmatian Tribe
2. Master Smiths
2. (ex (out of) +) chalyb(u)s (steel or iron) + ebur(n)(us) (white/(decorated with/made partially out of ivory))
2. Sword with a “Wootz” blade, made in the Indus Valley (Southeastern India, Northwestern Sri Lanka)
3. “Khopesh/Khepesh-Style Sword”
1. Sumerian
2. Legendary Egyptian Sword that Glowed Blue when wielded
4. The Sword In Crom Catha (The Swoop of Battle)
1. Saturn, son of Pallor (or son of Caelus and Terra; or Kronos, son of Ouranos and Gaia)
1. ... many battles were given with thy edges,
2. thou blue and clean-edged sword.
2. Jupiter, son of the high prince Saturn and Ops (or Zeos, son of Kronos and Rhea)
3. Dardan(us), son of the high prince Jupiter (or son of Zeos and Elektra the Pleiad) [1519 BC to 1414 BC]
4. Mana Faluis, son of Dardan(us) and Be Chrotha [?Chryse?]
5. Tros, son of Erichthonius (or son of Ilus I) and Astyoche [1375 BC to 1328 BC]
6. Ilus II, son of Tros [1346 BC to 1297 BC]
7. Laomedon, son of Ilus II [1338 BC to 1253 BC]
8. Hercules, son of Jupiter and Alcmena (Heracles son of Zeus and Alcmene)
9. Jason, son of Æson [1300/1280 BC]
10. Hercules, son of Jupiter and Alcmena (Heracles son of Zeus and Alcmene)
11. Priam(os), son of Laomedon and Leucippe [1320 BC to 1240 BC]
12. Hector, son of Priam and Hecuba [1228 BC to 1185 BC]
13. Achilles, son of Peleus and Thetis
5. “Sword of Archangel Michael” میکائیل/مایکل/(mikâ'il)/(mâykel)/(who is like strength/power)
1. Flaming Sword
2. of Cobalt Blue
3. ?Flame of Death?
6. The Sword Úar-gháoth/Uarghaoth (Cold Wind)
1. Æneas, son of Anchises and Aphrodite [1220 BC to 1175 BC]
2. Silvius, son of Æneas and Lavinia; or son of Ascanius [1151 BC to 1106 BC]
3. Niul of Inis Tuir, son of Silvius and Be Mhilis [Eleventh Century BC; or AD 368 to AD 452]
7. Sword(s) of Gaius Iulius Caesar
1. Crocea Mors — Yellow Death
2. Angau Coch — Red Death
3. Angau Glas — Grey Death
8. Sword of Tiberius Claudius Nero (as a Gladius)
9. Sword of Prince Nennius/Nennios of Briton
1. Possibly Gaius Iulius Caesar’s Crocea Mors — Yellow Death
2. Which was buried with Nennius/Nennios
10. “Sword of Rex Nemorensis”
11. The Sword An Caladh-c(h)olg (The Hard Blade/Sword)
1. Caladh, daughter of Nuil and Be Bheasair [Eleventh Century BC; or AD 388/418 to AD 472/502 ]
2. Lomnochtach
3. Muinreamhar son of Eirrgheann
4. Cú Chulainn
5. Fe(a)rg(h)us mac Roech/Roich/Roy/Róig/Rossa
6. Fergus mac Léti/Léte/Léide/Leda, possibly the same Fergus as mac Roech
7. Ailill mac Mata
8. Fe(a)rg(h)us mac Roech/Roich/Roy/Róig/Rossa
9. Meadhbh
10. Irial, son of Conall Cearnach [b 30 BC to 1 BC]
11. Oscar, son of Oisín (son of Fionn mac Cumhail and Niamh) [c AD 230 to c AD 291]
12. Beirbhe, daughter of Lughaine/Lóeguire/Lóegaire [AD 463 to AD 493]
13. Lughaine/Lóeguire/Lóegaire, mac Néill [r AD 428–458]
14. ...
15. Eimhear Alpa
16. Be Thuinne, daughter of Eimhear Alpa
17. Aonghus Gaoi Fuileach, son of Breasal and Be Thuinne
18. ...
12. Sword of Magnus Maximus/Maxen Wledig (as an Early Byzantine blade)
13. Hew na Comhlachtaí (Hew the Bodies)
1. an anonymous blacksmith
2. an anonymous blacksmith's boy
3. Patrick of the Pens [mid 5th/early 6th Century AD]
14. An “Excalibur-class Sword” is passed to the Lady of the Lake/(a “sorcerous damosel”)
15. “Sword in the Stone” (Sword of Camulos)/(Sword of Mars)/(Sword of War God)/(Sword of Gods)/(Sword of Attila)
1. Introduction to “Sword in the Stone” (Sword of Camulos)/(Sword of Mars)/(Sword of War God)/(Sword of Gods)/(Sword of Attila)
2. Sword of Camulos — Invincible Sword
3. Sword of Mars
4. Sword of War God
5. Sword of Gods
6. Sword of Attila
7. “Sword in the Stone”
1. Broken in battle
2. Not originally referred to as “Excalibur”
16. “Excalibur” is bestowed upon Arthur
1. By a “sorcerous damosel”
2. or by The Lady of the Lake (who also bestows Excalibur’s valueable scabbard)
1. Sometime after Arthur began his reign
2. Scabbard protects wounded possessor of it from dying (due to blood loss)
3. The Lady of the Lake may have had Saxon connections of some kind
1. Politically
2. Genealogically
3. Both
17. Descriptions and Attributes of “Excalibur”
1. The descriptions of Excalibur fit variations of the Spatha, a sword used by the Romans
1. The blade was most likely a type of “wootz” (crucible steel)
1. Could have its origins (as a “class” or “type” of sword) in what is now (Southeastern India)/(Northwestern Sri Lanka)
2. Dating back to at least 3000 BC
2. Exhibited a herringbone or curved pattern on each side of the blade
3. Longer than a traditional Spatha to allow for fighting from horseback
4. Double edged, resembling a longsword
5. With a fuller (groove) running most of the length
6. Probably inscribed by the swordsmith (an “elfan/elven” or “faerie/fairy” smith)
1. Merlin
2. Wayland/Weland
3. Goibniu/Gofannon
4. Ogma
5. Hephaestos/Vulcan(us)
7. With a design of two chimeras (or serpents/snakes) on the golden hilt
1. Chimera — a fire-breathing female monster with a lion’s head, goat’s body, and serpent’s tail
2. Serpent/Snake
• Similar design as that of a Roman army auxilium unit that was based at Segontium/(Caer Seint)/Caernarvon
• Echoing the Caduceus of Hermes/Mercurius as a staff entwined by two serpents
2. When the sword was unsheathed (drawn), its blade glowed white-blue (as ice that was hot)
1. From the mouths of the two chimeras (or serpents/snakes) were like two flames of fire
2. Was so bright in Arthur’s enemies’ eyes
3. It gave a light like thirty torches
4. So dreadful that it was not easy for anyone to look
3. No armor could withstand it (monatomic or monomolecular blade edge) “clean-edged”
4. Excalibur instantly kills anyone it touches
5. Possesses a kind of oracular magic — Gazing into the sword enabled Arthur to give every questioner an answer
4. In Arthur’s care
1. He draws against the Wild Beasts of the Forest
2. With this weapon, Arthur vanquished many foes
3. Against the Saxons, the sword Caliburnus (Excalibur) is used in the Battle of Badon
4. He occasionally entrusted “Excalibur” to Others
1. ((Llaw/Llwch) L(l)eminawc)/(Lloch (Llawwynnyawc/Llawwynnyawg))(/Sir Lucan(e)/Lucus)
1. Seizes Caladvwch/Caledvwlch
2. Swings it around
3. Killing the entire retinue of Dyrnwch/Drynog the Giant
1. Also referred to as Diwrnach Wyddel the Irishman
2. Possibly identical to The Irish Dagda/(good god)
2. Llenlleawc/Llenlleawg Wyddel (the Irishman)
1. Related to Garselit Wyddel the Irishman
2. Possibly related to Diwrnach Wyddel the Irishman as well
3. Gawain
1. At Escavalon
2. Defends himself and a daughter of the King of Escavalon by using Escalibor(d)
4. Lancelot
1. Excalibur as Calibor
2. In Le Livre de Lancelot du Lac
5. Tristan
1. Excalibur as Calibor
2. In Tristram a Izalda
6. Meliadus
7. Morgan le Fay
1. She made a counterfeit sword
2. Gave the real one to her lover, Accalon
3. Returned the copy to Arthur
4. She keeps the scabbard
5. Endings
1. After the final battle with Mordred
1. Arthur commands one of his knights to throw “Excalibur” into a nearby lake
1. Girflet/Griflet/Gifflet in Vulgate and Post-Vulgate Cycles (early Thirteenth Century AD)
2. A nameless squire in La Tavola Ritonda (AD 1325/1350)
3. Bedwyr/Bedivere in
1. Stanzaic Le Morte Arthur (Fourteenth Century AD)
2. Alliterative Morte Arthure (c AD 1400)
3. Malory (last quarter of Fifteenth Century AD)
4. Yvain in Sir Thomas Grey’s Scalacronica (AD 1355/1363)
5. Gawain(e) in The Parlement of the Thre Ages (mid/late Fourteenth Century AD)
6. Lukyn/Lucan in King Arthur’s Death (Sixteenth Century AD)
2. A mysterious hand rises from the water and seizes the sword, drawing it under
3. Excalibur is probably retrieved by a water fairy (perhaps The Lady of the Lake herself)
2. Cadwr (Cador(ius)), Earl of Cornwall, rose with Arthur’s (his half-brother’s) sword
3. Constantine III (Custennin/Custenhin, son of Cadwr), who was the nephew of Arthur, had the sword Caliburc
1. Constantine III/Corneu* (Custennin III)/Constantinus)*
2. Son of Cador(ius)/Cadwr, son of Gwryon/Goryon/Gourles/Gorloïs/Gorla(i)s/Gorlens/Gorlodubnus/Gorloys/Gothlois(/Hoel) and Eigr/Ygraine
3. Born AD (490/)510/520/525
4. Reigned c AD 530 to AD 560, or AD 530 to AD 540, or AD 537 to AD 538
5. (King of Dumnonia, or of the Damnonii of the (Hen Ogledd)/(Old North))
6. Died 9 Mar AD 546/576/589
7. *[this (Constantine (III/Corneu))/(Custennin III)/Constantinus may be a conflated personage]
4. Sometime between AD 1170 and AD 1180
1. Galgano Guidotti
2. In what is now called Rotonda di Montesiepi
3. He planted his sword in the ground
4. The sword is said to have immediately become one piece with the ground so that nobody could remove it
5. A story says that in a vision, he was told to renounce material things
6. He, stating that it would be as easy as splitting a rock, decided to make his point by plunging his sword into one
7. As the legend has it, the sword went through the stone like a knife through butter
8. Was this sword one of the “Excaliburs”?
9. Sometime afterward, did someone “worthy” remove it?
5. In AD 1191, King Richard the Lionheart
1. Presented “Caliburn(us)” to his ally, Tancred of Lecce (King of Sicily)
2. Sword was ‘discovered’ during the exhumation of Arthur’s body at Glastonbury in AD 1190
6. Supposedly in AD 1215, “Excalibur” was in the Royal Regalia lost by King John
1. When his treasure wagon overturned at The Wash
2. Whilst he was attempting to avoid the barons
7. During the early Thirteenth Century AD,
1. (Ex)calibur(n) had been passed down to one of Tancred’s successors
2. Through William III of Sicily
3. To Constance, Queen of Sicily and Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor
4. Until it reached Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
8. In AD 1229,
1. Frederick II presented (Ex)calibur(n)
2. To Πέτρος Κορώνηωυ (Pétros Korónioy: Peter of Corone)
9. By AD 1260 (most likely between AD 1248 and AD 1254),
1. “Peter” had broken the sword (into at least two, if not three, pieces)
2. In battle with “Muhammad Yawar”
3. He had killed “Peter” at the very same time (with a piece of the sword’s broken blade)
4. Near what is now the Jordanian-Syrian border (on the Syrian side)
10. Possibly between AD 1254 and AD 1260
1. Presumedly, the body of “Peter” was taken
1. To the Venetian castle that sits on a hill above the town of Corone (Koroni: Κορώνη)
2. To be interred, along with a piece of (Ex)calibur(n)
2. Supposedly, the remaining piece of (Ex)calibur(n) was taken
1. To the Roman Catholic church of Santa Maria Maggiore (Saint Mary the Greater)
2. On Largo Santa Maria Maggiore in the town of Nicosia, in Enna province, Sicily
11. Afterward (between AD 1260 and AD 1277),
1. “Yawar” kept the piece of the sword’s blade (that he used to kill “Peter”) as a trophy
2. He returned home to “Kafashta” (possibly Nawa), Syria
3. “Muhammad Yawar” then gave the partial blade to the imam of the town (possibly Imam Nawawi)
4. It is assumed that the imam placed the piece of that sword within the town’s mosque
12. By Fifteenth Century AD
1. In Joanot Martorell’s and Martí Joan de Galba’s Tirant Lo Blanc(h) (Tirant the White, or The White Knight)
2. Arthur is brought back to life by Morgan
3. and then he wanders the world for a long time while mad
4. and able to talk only when having Excalibur in his hands
5. Finally, Morgan finds her brother imprisoned in Constantinople,
6. where she restores him to his mind by making him gaze upon his reflection in Excalibur’s blade
6. Occurrences of “Excalibur” (by various names and descriptions) in Related “Literature”
1. of Monmouth, Geoffrey. Historia Regum Britanniæ (History of Kings of Britain), or De Gestis Britonum (Of Deeds of Britons). AD 1136/1138/1139.
2. Wace of Jersey, Robert. Roman de Brut (Romance of Brutus, or A History of the British);
            or Geste des Bretons (Deeds of the British/Britons/Bretons);
            or Brut d’Engleterre (Brutus of England); or Roman des Rois d’Angleterre (Romance of Kings of England). AD 1155.
3. de Troyes, Chrétien. Perceval, or Le Conte del Graal (Perceval, or The Story/Tale of the Grail). late Twelfth Century AD (AD 1176/1180/1190/1191).
4. of Denain, Wauchier (Gauchier of Donaing). First Continuation of Chrétien’s Perceval. AD 1195/1200.
5. Culhwch ac Olwen (Culhwch/Kilhwch and Olwen/Olwyn),
            from Llyfr Gwyn Rhydderch (White Book of Rhydderch) c AD 1325 and Llyfr Coch Hergest (Red Book of Hergest) c AD 1400.
6. Layamon. Brut (Brutus, or The Chronicle of Britain). late Twelfth/mid Thirteenth Century AD (AD 1209/1215).
7. de Boron, Robert. Didot(-)Perceval, or Romance of Perceval in Prose, or the Prose Perceval. AD 1200/1220/1230.
8. Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper). AD 1210s/1215/1230.
9. Le Livre d’Artus (The Book of Arthur). early Thirteenth Century AD.
10. Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin (Story of Merlin). AD 1220/1230s/1235.
11. Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin (Continuation of Merlin, or The Merlin Continuation). AD 1230/1240.
12. Post-Vulgate Mort Artu (Death of Arthur). AD 1230/1240.
13. Palamedes. c AD 1240.
14. de Gat, Luce and Helie de Boron. Tristan en Prose (Prose Tristan). AD 1225-1235, second half of Thirteenth Century AD (AD 1276).
15. da/de Pisa/Pise, Rustichello/Rusticien/Rusticiano. Roman de/du Roi Artus (Romance of King Arthur, or The Compilation),
         later divided into Gyron/Guiron le Courtoys/Court(e)ois (Guiron the Courteous), and Meliadus (de Leonnoys) (Meliodas (of Lyonesse)).
         c AD 1298 (Thirteenth Century AD).
16. (Of) Arthour and (of) Merlin (Arthur and Merlin). late Thirteenth Century AD.
17. La Tavola Ritonda (The Round Table). AD 1325/1350.
18. Stanzaic Le Morte Arthur (The Death of Arthur). Fourteenth Century AD.
19. Arthur and Kaletvwlch (Arthur and Excalibur). Fourteenth Century AD.
20. The Parlement of the Thre Ages (The Parliament of the Three Ages). mid/late Fourteenth Century AD.
21. Alliterative Morte Arthure (Alliterative Death of Arthur). c AD 1400 (Fourteenth/Fifteenth Century AD).
22. Arthur. c AD 1428.
23. Lovelich, Henry. Merlin. c AD 1450.
24. Prose Merlin. mid Fifteenth Century AD (AD 1450/1460).
25. Hardyng, John. John Hardyng’s Chronicle. AD 1457/1464.
26. Martorell, Joanot and Martí Joan de Galba. Tirant Lo Blanc(h) (Tirant the White, or The White Knight). València: Nicolaus Spindeler, 20 November AD 1490 (Fifteenth Century AD).
27. Malory, Syr Thomas. (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
             This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483.
28. Malory, Sir Thomas. Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur). Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485.
29. King Arthur’s Death. Sixteenth Century AD.
30. King Arthur and (the) King (of) Cornwall. Sixteenth Century AD.
7. Astrological Signs Associated with Excalibur
1. Ophiuchus — Sun, Moon, Venus, Mercury, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn — Fire, Water, Earth, Air
2. Sagittarius — Jupiter+ — Fire
8. Geography, Genealogy, and Timeline of Excalibur
1. Geography of Excalibur
2. Genealogy of Excalibur
3. Timeline of Excalibur