Circle of Logres: The Round Table, True Knights

Main     Introduction     History     Arthur
Lady of Lake     Gawain     Morgan, Mordred, Avalon
Camelot     Tristan, Isolde     Grail     Guinevere
Round Table, Knights     Perceval, Galahad
Excalibur     Merlin     Lancelot     Compendium
Sources     Email Glyn Hnutu-healh

The Round Table,
True Knights of Logres

None of the line items that are included in the following outline are meant to be links.
The outline itself represents the material that is to be covered in the upcoming book known by the above title (available after June 2035).

Foreword by ?

Introduction to the Round Table, True Knights of Logres
The Round Table

Introduction to The Round Table
Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison: The Name Round Table, Multiple Round Tables, and Other Fellowships and Rings

Introduction to the Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison: The Name Round Table, Multiple Round Tables, and Other Fellowships and Rings
Meaning and Origin of the Name Round Table

Introduction to the Meaning and Origin of the Name Round Table
Trapezous
Conceptually related to Arthur’s Hall — Ehangwen (Fair and Roomy/Spacious)

Existence of Multiple Round Tables

Introduction to the Existence of Multiple Round Tables
Table of the Last Supper
Grail Table
Old Table vs New Table

Old Table
New Table
Comparison and Contrast of the Two

Queen’s Table of Knights
Knights of the Watch
Table of Errant Companions
Table of Less-Valued Knights

Comparison of Other Fellowships and Rings to The Round Table

Introduction to the Comparison of Other Fellowships and Rings to the Round Table
The Table of Solomon
The Table of the Franc Palais (The Table of the Noble Hall)
The Red Branch
The Apostles
The Fianna
Charlemagne’s Paladins (twelve peers)
The Knights Templar

Of History — The Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon
Templeisen

Of Non-Arthurian Myth and Legend

The Monastic Order of the Knights Templar
In Scotland

Of Arthurian Myth and Legend

A Formidable Force of Fighting Men who guarded the Grail (assumed to be Templar Knights)
In Wolfram von Eschenbach’s Parzival

Beginnings

Culhwch ac Olwen (Culhwch/Kilhwch and Olwen/Olwyn) (AD 990/1100)
Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Regum Britanniae (History of Kings of Britain)
Robert Wace’s Roman de Brut (Romance of Brutus, or A History of the British)

Mediæval Developments

Code of Chivalry
The Knights of the Round Table
Symbolism

Endings

Adventures
Grail Quest
Betrayals

Lancelot and Guinevere
Mordred

The Round Table Associations with Physical Locations

Constellations
Earthly Locales

Caer Lleon/Ca(e)rl(l)ion/City of Legions

Isca Silurum/Camu-lôt/Caerleon(-on-Usk)
Caerleon-upon-Dee/Chester (upon the Dee), specifically the Amphitheatre

Venta Belgarum/Winchester
(Roper Castle)/(Round Table)

Occurrences of “Round Table” (by various names and descriptions) in Related “Literature”

Wace of Jersey, Robert. Roman de Brut (Romance of Brutus, or A History of the British);
or Geste des Bretons (Deeds of the British/Britons/Bretons);
or Brut d’Engleterre (Brutus of England); or Roman des Rois d’Angleterre (Romance of Kings of England). AD 1155.
de Troyes, Chrétien. Érec et Énide (Geraint and Enid). late Twelfth Century AD (c AD 1170).
de Boron, Robert. Merlin. AD 1191/1195/1202/1210.
von Eschenbach, Wolfram. Parzival (Perceval). late Twelfth/early Thirteenth Century AD (AD 1200/1210).
Perlesvaus, or Le/Li Hauz Livre(s) du Graal (The High Book(s)/History of the Grail).
early Thirteenth Century AD (AD 1192/1205/1220/1225).
de Boron, Robert. Didot(-)Perceval, or Romance of Perceval in Prose, or the Prose Perceval. AD 1200/1220/1230.
Stricker, Der. Daniel von dem Blühenden Tal (Daniel of the Blooming Valley). AD 1210/1225.
Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper). AD 1210s/1215/1230.
Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail). AD 1210s/1215/1230.
Vulgate Morte Artu (Death of Arthur). AD 1210s/1215/1230.
Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin (Continuation of Merlin, or The Merlin Continuation). AD 1230/1240.
Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail). AD 1230/1240.
Post-Vulgate Mort Artu (Death of Arthur). AD 1230/1240.
La Tavola Ritonda (The Round Table). AD 1325/1350.
d’Ou(t)remeuse/(des Preis), Jean. Ly Myreur des Histors (The Mirror of Histories). c AD 1350.
Boccaccio, Giovanni. De Casibus Virorum Illustrium (On Fate of Illustrious Men). AD 1355/1362.
Perceforest (Pierce the Forest). AD 1330/1344.
(The most complete of the four manuscripts known is “Manuscript C”.)
(It was written by David Aubert, c AD 1459/1460; for Duc Philippe de Bourgogne le Bon.)
Malory, Syr Thomas. (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483.
Malory, Sir Thomas. Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur). Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485.
The Grene Knight (The Green Knight). c AD 1500.
The Legend of King Arthur. Sixteenth Century AD.

Astrological Signs Associated with The Round Table

Capricorn — Saturn- — Earth
Sagittarius — Jupiter+ — Fire

Geography, Genealogy, and Timeline of The Round Table

Geography of The Round Table
Genealogy of The Round Table
Timeline of The Round Table

True Knights of Logres

Introduction to True Knights of Logres
Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison: The Name “Knight”, The Individual “Knights of Logres”, and Non-Arthurian “Knights”

Introduction to the Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison: The Name “Knight”, The Individual “Knights of Logres”, and Non-Arthurian “Knights”
Meaning and Origin of the Name “Knight”

Introduction to the Meaning and Origin of the Name “Knight”
Etymology
Conceptuality

Ancient Warriors
Equites
Cataphracti/Κατάφρακτοι/Kataphraktoi
Equites Cataphractarii
Clibanarii
True Knights of Logres (over 400 so far)

Sir Knights in Arthur’s Service, including the “Top Seven” knights denoted with an asterisk *
Known Historical Personage(s) denoted with a § and enclosed by [ ]
Possible conflated individuals are denoted by an asterisk * followed by [ ]
Advisors and/or Courtiers denoted by a ^
All Remaining “Knights” are

Arthur’s Warriors
Men of the Court

Existence of the Individual “Knights of Logres”

Introduction to Existence of the Individual “Knights of Logres”
Number of Individual Knights of the Round Table

13 listed in Robert de Boron’s Didot-Perceval, or Romance of Perceval in Prose, or Prose Perceval (AD 1200/1220/1230)
24 listed in Pedwar Marchog ar Hugain Llys Arthur (The Twenty-Four Knights of Arthur’s Court) (mid Fifteenth Century AD)
25 listed on the Round Table at Winchester Castle (AD c 1290)
50 — Robert de Boron’s Joseph d’Arimathie (AD 1190/1191/1202/1210) and Merlin (AD 1191/1195/1202/1210)
51 listed in Chrétien de Troyes’ Érec et Énide (Geraint and Enide) (c AD 1170)
60 — Jean d’Ou(t)remeuse’s/(des Preis’) Ly Myreur des Histors (The Mirror of Histories) (c AD 1350)
77 listed in Robert Wace’s Roman de Brut (Romance of Brutus, or A History of the British) (AD 1155)
130 — The Legend of King Arthur (Sixteenth Century AD)
140 — Hartmann von Aue’s Iwein (Owain) (late Twelfth Century AD) and Ere(c)(k) (Geraint) (c AD 1185)
150

Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Post-Vulgate Estoire del Saint Grail (History of the Holy Grail, or Post-Vulgate Prose Merlin) (AD 1220/1230s/1235)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table) (AD 1469/1470/1481/1483) lists 111 of them
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (AD 1485) lists 111 of them

191/202/212 listed in Culhwch ac Olwen (Culhwch/Kilhwch and Olwen) (AD 990/1100), depending on how one translates the list
250 — Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin (AD 1220/1230s/1235)
366

Perlesvaus, or Le/Li Hauz Livre(s) du Graal (Perceval, or The High Book/History of the Grail) (AD 1192/1205/1220/1225)
Mériadeuc, or Le Chevalier aux/as Deux/Deus Épées/Espees (Meriadoc, or The Knight of the Two Swords) (c AD 1225/1250)

1,600 — Layamon’s Brut (Brutus, or The Chronicle of Britain) (AD 1209/1215)

“King Arthur”

*Sir King Art(h)ur/Artorius/Art(h)(r)i(us)/(Ard Ri(gh))/Uverian/Uthyr/Ut(h)er/Arthwys/Artad/Arthen/Ar(r)d(d)hu/Arto/(The Green Man)/Arthyr/Arthfael
Traditionally son of King Uther Pendragon and Queen Igraine
Appears in

Jordanes’/Jordanis’/Jornandes’ Historia Gothorum (History of Goths, or Gothic History, or The Origin and Deeds of the Goths) (c AD 551)
Gildas’/Gyldus’ [III] De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniæ (On Ruin and Conquest of Britain) (after AD 559 (572/573), possibly as late as AD 598)
Gregory of Tours’ Decem Libri Historiarum (Ten Books of Histories), better known as Historia Francorum (History of the Franks) (AD 575 to AD 594)
(A)neirin/Aneurin of the Votadini’s Y Guotoðin (The Gododdin: The Votadini) (c AD 600)
(Chwedyl) Gereint/Geraint mab/vab/fab/fil(ius) Erbin ((Legendary) Gereint/Geraint, son of Erbin) (Ninth/Tenth/Eleventh Century AD, originally c AD 480)
Bede’s Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum (Ecclesiastical History of English People, or A History of the English Church and People) (AD 731)
(pseudo-)Nennius’/Nemnuuis’/Ninnius’/Nemnius’ Historia Brittonum (History of Britons) (AD 828/829/830)
Anonymous Monk of R(h)uys’ Vita Sancti Gildæ (Life of Saint Gildas) (Ninth Century AD)
Preiddeu Annw(fy)n (Spoils of Annwn) (c AD 900)
Annales Cambriæ (Annals of Wales) (AD 950/960/970/980)
Ymddiddan Gwyddno Garanhir ac/a Gwyn fab/ap Nudd (The Dialogue of Gwyddneu/Gwyddno Garanhir and Gwyn ap Nudd) (Tenth/Eleventh Century AD)
Culhwch ac Olwen (Culhwch/Kilhwch and Olwen/Olwyn) (AD 990/1100)
Englyn(n)ion y Beddau/Bedeu (Stanzas/Verses of The Graves), or Beddau Milwyr Ynys Prydain (Graves of Warriors of Isle of Britain) (Tenth/Eleventh/Thirteenth Century)
Lifris of Llancarfan’s Vita Sancti Cadoci (Life of Saint Ca(ra)doc/Caradog) (shortly before AD 1086)
Pa Gur/Gwr yv Y Porthaur?, or Arthur a Y Porthaur, or Ymddiddan Arthur a Glewlwyd Gafælfawr (What Man is The Gatekeeper/Porter?,
     or Arthur and The Gatekeeper/Porter, or Dialogue of Arthur and Glewlwyd Gafælfawr),
     or A dialogue between Arthur and Glewlwyd/Glewleyd Gavælvawr/Mighty(-)Grasp,
     otherwise known as Dialogue with Glewlwyd (c AD 1100)
Vita Sancti Carantoci (Life of Saint Carannog/Carantoc(k)) (c AD 1100)
Vita Sancti Euflami (Life of Saint Efflam(m)) (c AD 1100)
The Archivolt/Archivault of the Porta della Pescheria on the Modena Cathedral (AD 1090/1120/1135/1140)
Vita Sancti Paterni (Life of Saint Padarn/Paternus) (c AD 1120s)
William of Malmesbury’s Gesta Regum Anglorum, or De Gestis Regum Anglorum ((On) Deeds of Kings of England/(the English),
or (The) Chronicle(s)/History of Kings of England) (AD 1125)
Chronicon Montis Sancti Michælis in Periculo Maris (Chronicle of Saint Michæl’s Mount in Danger of Sea) (early Twelfth Century AD)
Vita Sancta/Sancti Gurthierni (Life of Saint Gurthi(gi)ern (of Quimperlé)) (early Twelfth Century AD)
Caradoc of Llancarfan’s Vita Sancti Gildæ (Life of Saint Gildas) (c AD 1130)
Chrétien de Troyes’ Lancelot, or Le Chevalier de la Charrete (Lancelot, or The Knight of the Cart) (c AD 1135)
Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Regum Britanniæ (History of Kings of Britain), or De Gestis Britonum (Of Deeds of Britons) (AD 1136/1138/1139)
Legenda Sancti Goeznovii (Legend of Saint Goeznovius) (AD 1019/1186/1226)
Ymddiddan Myrddin a Thaliesin (Dialogue/Colloquy/Conversation of Merlin and Taliesin) (early/mid Thirteenth Century AD, originally written Eleventh Century AD)
Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Vita Merlini (Life of Merlin) (AD 1148 to 1150/1151)
(Historia Peredur, neu) Peredur (fab Efrawg/Efrawc) ((History of Perceval, or) Perceval (son of Ebrauc/Eburac/Ivory)) (AD 1150)
Robert Wace of Jersey’s Roman de Brut (Romance of Brutus, or A History of the British);
or Geste des Bretons (Deeds of the British/Britons/Bretons);
or Brut d’Engleterre (Brutus of England); or Roman des Rois d’Angleterre (Romance of Kings of England) (AD 1155)
Vita Sancti Iltuti (Life of Saint Illtud) (AD 1140/1190s)
Chrétien de Troyes’ Érec et Énide (Geraint and Enid) (c AD 1170)
Chrétien de Troyes’ Cligès (Cliges) (c AD 1176)
Chrétien de Troyes’ Yvain, or Le Chevalier au Lion (Owain, or The Knight with the Lion) (AD 1177/1181)
Chrétien de Troyes’ Perceval, or Le Conte del Graal (Perceval, or The Story/Tale of the Grail) (AD 1176/1180/1190/1191)
Jocelyn(e)/Jocelin of Furness’ Vita Sancti Kentigerni (Life of Saint Kentigern) (AD 1175/1185/1187/1188/1199/1214)
Robert de Boron’s Joseph d’Arimathie (Joseph of Arimathea),
or Le Roman de l’Estoire dou Graal (Li Romanz de l’Estoire dou Graal) (The Romance of the History of the Grail),
or Le Petit Saint Graal (The Lesser Holy Grail) (AD 1190/1191/1202/1210)
Robert de Boron’s Merlin (AD 1191/1195/1202/1210)
Trioedd y Meirch ((The) Triads of the Horses) (Eleventh/Fourteenth Centuries AD)
Giraldus Cambrensis’ (Gerald of Wales’) (Liber) de Principis Instructione: Libri III,
or De Instructione Principum (On Instruction of Princes, or Book of Early Instruction: Book Three) (c AD 1193/1216)
Robert de Boron’s Mort Artu (Death of Arthur) (AD 1208/1209)
Layamon’s Brut (Brutus, or The Chronicle of Britain) (AD 1209/1215)
Vera Historia de Morte Arthuri (True History of Death of Arthur) (mid Twelveth/late Thirteenth Century AD)
Robert de Boron’s Didot(-)Perceval, or Romance of Perceval in Prose, or Prose Perceval (AD 1200/1220/1230)
Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Vulgate Mort(e) Artu (Death of Arthur) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Trioedd Ynys Prydein/Prydain (Triads of British Isle, or Welsh Triads) (Eleventh/(late Thirteenth)/Fourteenth Centuries AD)
Le Livre d’Artus (The Book of Arthur) (early Thirteenth Century AD)
Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Estoire del Saint Grail (History of the Holy Grail), or L’Estoire de Merlin (The History of Merlin), or Prose Merlin (AD 1220/1230s/1235)
Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin (Story of Merlin) (AD 1220/1230s/1235)
Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin (Continuation of Merlin, or The Merlin Continuation) (AD 1230/1240)
Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1230/1240)
Post-Vulgate Mort Artu (Death of Arthur) (AD 1230/1240)
Kyuoessi Myrdin aGỽendyd yChỽær, or Cyfoesi Myrddin a Gwenddydd ei Chwær ((The Dialogue Between)/(Conversations of) Myrddin and His Sister Gwenddydd)
(AD 1375/1383 to AD 1400/1425, originally composed before AD 1100)
(Geraint/)Gereint ac Enid) ((Geraint/)Gereint and Enid) (Thirteenth Century AD)
Owain, neu (Chwedyl) Iarlles y Ffynnon/Ffynnawn (Owain, or (Legendary) Lady of the Fountain) (Thirteenth Century AD)
Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose (Prose Tristan) (AD 1225-1235, AD 1276)
(Of) Arthour and (of) Merlin ((Of) Arthur and (of) Merlin) (late Thirteenth Century AD)
Melekh/Melech Artus (King Arthur) (AD 1279)
Baud(u)in(s) Butor(s)’ four rough drafts (c AD 1290)
Rustichello/Rusticien/Rusticiano da/de Pisa’s/Pise’s Roman de/du Roi Artus (Romance of King Arthur, or The Compilation) (c AD 1298)
The Avowing of King Arthur, Sir Gawain, Sir Kay, and Baldwin of Britain (Thirteenth/Fourteenth Century AD)
Pierre/Piers de Langtoft’s (Peter (of) Langtoft’s) The Chronicle (c AD 1300/1305)
Short Metrical Chronicle (AD 1307)
Arturs Doet (Arthur’s Death) (AD 1322/1323)
Arthur and Gorlagon (early Fourteenth Century AD)
Perceforest (Pierce the Forest) (AD 1330/1344)
La Tavola Ritonda (The Round Table) (AD 1325/1350)
Robert Mannyng of Brunne’s The Story of England (AD 1338)
Jean d’Ou(t)remeuse’s/(des Preis’) Ly Myreur des Histors (The Mirror of Histories) (c AD 1350)
The Birth of Arthur (Fourteenth Century AD, or earlier)
Stanzaic Le Morte Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Fourteenth Century AD)
Arthur and Kaletvwlch (Arthur and Excalibur) (Fourteenth Century AD)
Giovanni Boccaccio’s De Casibus Virorum Illustrium (On Fate of Illustrious Men) (AD 1355/1362)
John of Fordun’s Chronica Gentis Scotorum (Chronicle of Scottish People) (c AD 1385)
Alliterative Morte Arthure (Death of Arthur) (c AD 1400)
Le Chevalier du Papegau (The Knight of the Parrot) (Fourteenth/Fifteenth Century AD)
The Awntyrs off Arthur(e) at the Terne/Turne Wathelan/Wathelyn(e) (The Adventures of Arthur at the Lake/Tarn Wadling) (late Fourteenth/early Fifteenth Century AD)
Arthur (c AD 1428)
Ain Hupsches Vasnachtspill und Sagt von Künig Artus, Wie er Siben Fursten mit iren Weyben zuo seinem hoff Geladen het und wie si durch ain Horn geschendet worden gar hupsch zuo hören
(A Pleasing Shrovetide Play about King Arthur, How he invited Seven Kings with their Wives to his Court and how they were embarassed by a Horn, quite pleasant to hear) (Fifteenth Century AD)
Pedwar Marchog ar Hugain Llys Arthur (The Twenty-Four Knights of Arthur’s Court) (mid Fifteenth Century AD)
John Hardyng’s John Hardyng’s Chronicle (AD 1457/1464)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)
Joanot Martorell’s and Martí Joan de Galba’s Tirant Lo Blanc(h) (Tirant the White, or The White Knight) (20 November AD 1490)
Roundel with King Arthur Riding on a Camel (from a Series of the Nine Heroes) (AD 1500/1510)
The Legend of King Arthur (Sixteenth Century AD)
Ymddiddan rhwng Arthur a Gwenhwyfar (Dialogue between Arthur and Gwenhwyfar, or The Dialogue of Arthur and Gwenh(w)yfar);
also known as Ymddiddan Melwas a Gwenhwyfar (Dialogue of Melwas and Gwenh(w)yfer), versions one and two (Sixteenth Century AD)
Hector Boece’s/Boethius’ Scotorum Historiæ (History of Scots) (AD 1527/1575)
King Arthur and (the) King (of) Cornwall (Sixteenth Century AD)
King Arthur’s Death (Sixteenth Century AD)
Edmund Spenser’s The Færie Queene (AD 1570/1599)
William Camden’s Britannia (AD 1586)
Thomas Hughes’ The Misfortunes of Arthur (AD 1587)
An Dialog Etre Arzur Roe d’an Bretounet ha Guynglaff (A/The Dialogue between Arthur, King of the Britons, and Gwenc’hlan/Guynglaff/Guinglaff/Guinclaff) (AD 1617/1619)
(Baron Alfred Lord Tennyson’s Idylls of the King)

So far, represented by 74 main candidates for contributions to a composite “Arthur”

10 “Proto-Arthurs”
16 “Arthurs of Badon”

“Arthur the Crippled/Healed” — Arthur/Artorius/Art(h)ri
“Arthur the High King” — (High King)/(Ard Ri(gh))/(Major Warlord)/Emperor
“King Arthur of the Artenses” — Athrwys/Arthwys/Einion ap/(m)ab Mor/Mar Maeswig ap Ceneu ap Gyl/Coyl/Coel Hen ap Coel Godebog/Guotepa(u)c ap Tegfan/Teuh(v)ant
“Arthur the Shadow” — Artad
“Arthur the Romano-Briton”, son of Romulus August(ul)us and Ygraine (daughter of Kustennin)
“Arthur of Brycheiniog” — Arthen, son of Brychan ap Anl(l)ach and Marchel(l) ferch Tewdrig
“Arthur as Custennin” — Arthur/Artorius ap Anblaud/Amlawd(d)/Amlawt/Anlawd(d)/Amlodd/Amlwyd/Aflawdd/Amalg(h)aid
“Arthur, War Chief” — Artorius (Dux Bellorum)/Soldier/Warlord
“Prince Arthur of the Silures”
“Arthur, Warlord of Gwynedd”
“Arthur as a Raven God” — Arddhu/Arrdhu/Atho/(The Green Man)
“King Arthur of Rheged” — Art(h)ur ic Uther/Uibar/Iubur/Iubar/I(o)bhar/Ambros(ius)/Emrys/Embreis ic Biduz/Custennin
“Arthur, Chief of the Picts and the Interior of Britain” — Art(h)ur Dux Pictorum, interioris Britannia
“King Arthur of Dumnonia” — Arthyr/Arthur, son of Uthyr/(Uther (Pendragon)) (and Eigyr/Igraine), son of Kusten(n)in
“Prince Arthur of Elmet” — Arthwys/Arthius ap Masgwid Gloff (and Gwenllian verch Brychan) ap Gwrast Lledlwm/(The Raggéd)
“King Arthur of Gl(y)wys(s)ing and Glamorgan” — Arthfael ap Einudd

23 “Arthurs of Romance”

This does not include 80 additional “candidates” whose names bear no resemblance to the name Arthur
Astrological Signs Associated with Arthur

Aries — Mars+ — Fire
Scorpio — Mars- — Water
Sagittarius — Jupiter+ — Fire
Leo — Sun+/- — Fire

“Sir Gawain”

*Sir King G(a)wa(i/y)n(e/s))/(Gaw Ain)/Gaw(e)(i)n/Ga(u)(v)a(i)n(s)/Ga(u)ve(i)(n)(s)/Gav(a/i)on/Ga(u)gain(s)/Gauen/Galvagin(us)/Galwa(i)n(us)/Gual(gu/w)a(i)nus/Gaoulbanos/Gowin/Grion/
/(Gwalchmai/(Gwalchmei/(Hawlk of May) ap Gwyar)/Valven/Wal(e)w(e)(i)n/Walwa(i)n(us)/Waluuani(us/i)/Walgan(nus)/Wawa(i/y)n(e)/Calliano/C(h)alvano(/B(h)albhuaidh/Cuchulainn)
Of Gododdin
The courteous
One of the three Golden-Tongued Knights
Son of

Llew/Lleu and Gwyar
Lug(h) and Dechtire
King L(i)ot(h)(/Lliaws?)//Leudonus/(Lludd + Lleu) Luwddoc/Luyddog/(of the Host)/Lludd/Nudd (of Lothian and Orkney) and Queen Anna/Morgause/Margawse
Jascaphin (in Diu Crône)
Gwyar
King Arthur

Appears in

Fled Bricrenn/Bricrend (Bric(c)riu’s Feast) (c AD 1106, originally Eighth Century AD)
Culhwch ac Olwen (Culhwch/Kilhwch and Olwen/Olwyn) (AD 990/1100)
Englyn(n)ion y Beddau/Bedeu (Stanzas/Verses of The Graves), or Beddau Milwyr Ynys Prydain (Graves of Warriors of Isle of Britain) (Tenth/Eleventh/Thirteenth Century)
The Archivolt/Archivault of the Porta della Pescheria on the Modena Cathedral (AD 1090/1120/1135/1140)
William of Malmesbury’s Gesta Regum Anglorum, or De Gestis Regum Anglorum ((On) Deeds of Kings of England/(the English),
or (The) Chronicle(s)/History of Kings of England) (AD 1125)
Chrétien de Troyes’ Lancelot, or Le Chevalier de la Charrete (Lancelot, or The Knight of the Cart) (c AD 1135)
Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Regum Britanniæ (History of Kings of Britain), or De Gestis Britonum (Of Deeds of Britons) (AD 1136/1138/1139)
Robert Wace of Jersey’s Roman de Brut (Romance of Brutus, or A History of the British);
or Geste des Bretons (Deeds of the British/Britons/Bretons);
or Brut d’Engleterre (Brutus of England); or Roman des Rois d’Angleterre (Romance of Kings of England) (AD 1155)
Chrétien de Troyes’ Érec et Énide (Geraint and Enid) (c AD 1170)
Chrétien de Troyes’ Cligès (Cliges) (c AD 1176)
Chrétien de Troyes’ Yvain, or Le Chevalier au Lion (Owain, or The Knight with the Lion) (AD 1177/1181)
Chrétien de Troyes’ Perceval, or Le Conte del Graal (Perceval, or The Story/Tale of the Grail) (AD 1176/1180/1190/1191)
Wauchier of Denain’s First Continuation of Chrétien’s Perceval (AD 1195/1200)
Païen/Pagan de Maisières’ La Demoiselle/Damoisele à la Mule (The Lady has the Mule), or La Mule sans/sanz Frein/Frain (The Mule without a Bridle) (late Twelfth/early Thirteenth Century AD)
Raoul de Houdenc’s/Houdan’s La Vengeance Raguidel (The Avenging of Raguidel) (late Twelfth/early Thirteenth Century AD)
Wolfram von Eschenbach’s Parzival (Perceval) (AD 1200/1210)
Le Chevalier à L’Épée (The Knight with/of the Sword) (AD 1210).
Perlesvaus, or Le/Li Hauz Livre(s) du Graal (Perceval, or The High Book(s)/History of the Grail) (AD 1192/1205/1220/1225)
Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Vulgate Mort(e) Artu (Death of Arthur) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Wirnt von Grafenberg’s/Gravenberg’s/Gravenberch’s Wigalois/Wizalois (Guinglain) (early Thirteenth Century AD)
Le Livre d’Artus (The Book of Arthur) (early Thirteenth Century AD)
Trioedd Ynys Prydein/Prydain (Triads of British Isle, or Welsh Triads) (Eleventh/(late Thirteenth)/Fourteenth Centuries AD)
Bonedd/Bonhed y Saint/Seint (Descent of the Saints), or Achau Saint Ynys Prydain (Genealogy of the Saints, or Pedigrees of the Saints (of the Isle of Britain)),
or Bonedd yr Arwyr (Nobility of Heroes) (early Thirteenth Century AD)
Les Enfances Gauvain (The Youth of Gawain) (early Thirteenth Century AD)
Heinrich von dem Türlin’s Diu Crône (The (Bejewelled) Crown) (AD 1224/1230)
Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Estoire del Saint Grail (History of the Holy Grail), or L’Estoire de Merlin (The History of Merlin), or Prose Merlin (AD 1220/1230s/1235)
Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin (Story of Merlin) (AD 1220/1230s/1235)
Parcevals saga and Valvens þáttr (Perceval’s Saga and Gawain’s Episode) (AD 1204/1263)
Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin (Continuation of Merlin, or The Merlin Continuation) (AD 1230/1240)
(L’Âtre Périlleux)/(L’atre perillous) (The Perilous Cemetery) (c AD 1250)
Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose (Prose Tristan) (AD 1225-1235, AD 1276)
Der Pleier’s Garel von dem blühenden Tal (Garel of the Blossoming/Flowering Valley) (AD 1240/1270)
Robert de Blois’ Beaudous, or (Roman de) Biaus( )dous ((Romance of) Fair Unknown; or literally, Handsome Sweet, or Soft Bias) (mid/late Thirteenth Century AD)
Jehan’s Les Merveilles de Rigomer (The Marvels of Rigomer) (mid/late Thirteenth Century AD)
Wal(e)wein ende Keye/Keie (Gawain and Kay) (AD 1263/1264)
Historia Meriadoci, Regis Cambrie (Story of Meriadoc, King of Cambria/Wales) (late Thirteenth Century AD)
De Ortu Walu(u)an(n)ii(i), Nepotis Arturi (Of Rise of Gawain, Nephew of Arthur) (late Thirteenth Century AD)
Pieter Vostært’s and Penninc’s Roman van Wal(e)wein (Romance of Gawain) (mid/late Thirteenth Century AD/early Fourteenth Century AD)
The Avowing of King Arthur, Sir Gawain, Sir Kay, and Baldwin of Britain (Thirteenth/Fourteenth Century AD)
Ywain and Gawain (Owain and Gawain) (AD 1310/1340)
Perceforest (Pierce the Forest) (AD 1330/1344)
The Birth of Arthur (Fourteenth Century AD, or earlier)
Stanzaic Le Morte Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Fourteenth Century AD)
Sir Gawayne and the Greene Knight (Sir Gawain and the Green Knight) (c AD 1400)
Syre Gawene and the Carle of Carlyle (Sir Gawain and the Carl/Churl of Carlisle) (c AD 1400)
Alliterative Morte Arthure (Death of Arthur) (c AD 1400)
The Awntyrs off Arthur(e) at the Terne/Turne Wathelan/Wathelyn(e) (The Adventures of Arthur at the Lake/Tarn Wadling) (late Fourteenth/early Fifteenth Century AD)
Sir Thomas Malory’s The Weddyng(e) of Syr Gawen and Dame Ragnell (The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnell) (c AD 1450)
The Marriage of Sir Gawain(e) (Fifteenth Century AD)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Golagros and Gawain (late Fifteenth Century AD)
The Jeaste of Syr Gawayne (The Geste of Sir Gawain) (late Fifteenth Century AD)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)
The Turke and Gowin (The Churl and Gawain) (c AD 1500)
The Grene Knight (The Green Knight) (c AD 1500)
King Arthur and (the) King (of) Cornwall (Sixteenth Century AD)
Thomas Hughes’ The Misfortunes of Arthur (AD 1587)
(Baron Alfred Lord Tennyson’s Idylls of the King)

Compare with Gwrvan/Gwrfan

Gwallt-avwy(n)/(hair like rain)
Gwallt-avwyn/Gwallt(-)af()wyn/(wild hair)/(hair like rain)
Gwallt-advwyn/(bright-hair)
Gwrfangwallt-advwyn/(fair hair)

Astrological Signs Associated with Gawain

Aquarius — Saturn+ — Air
Gemini — Mercury+ — Air
Taurus — Venus- — Earth
Aries — Mars+ — Fire
Leo — Sun+/- — Fire

“Sir Tristan”

*§Sir King Trist(r)an(o)(s)/Trist(r)an(t/z)/Tristán/T(r)ist(e)(r)am/Trist(r)em/Tristen(z)/T(h)(r)ist(e)(r)um/Thistronn/Tristão/Tryshchane/Trystam/Trystan/
/(Drystan/Drust(an)(us)/(Drustwrn Hayam)/Drych/(Drwst)/(Dwrst (Dwnhaeadn)/(Iron(-)Fist)))
Of Lyonesse
One of the three Enchanter Knights
One of the three Bravest Knights
One of the three Diademed Knights
Ap/son of

Tal(l)w(r)ch/Tal(l)orc of the Picts
Cibddar/Cynvawr/Cunomor(o)us/Mark/March of Cornwall
Meliodas/Meliad(us) (Delyens)/(de Lyones(se)/Liones/Lyens/Leonnais) and Isabelle/Blancheflor
Rivalen/Rivalin/Rouland/Rowland/Roald/Rual Canelengres/Kalegras/Kanelangres/(of Parmenie)/(le Foytenant) and Blancheflor

Appears in

Tristan Stone (Sixth Century AD)
Thomas of Britain’s/England’s Tristran(s) (Tristan), or Le Roman de Tristran(s) et Ysolt/Ysodt/Yseut/Ysod(e)/Isode (The Romance of Tristan and Isolde) (after AD 1155, by AD 1170/1175)
Trystan ac Es(s)yllt (Tristan and Isolde), otherwise known as Ystori Trystan (Story of Tristan) (AD 800/1126/1200/1550)
Marie de France’s Le Lai du Chèvrefueil(le)/Chevrefoil (The Lay of Chevrefoil/Woodbine (the Honeysuckle)) (AD 1170s)
Béroul’s Tristan (late Twelfth Century AD)
La Folie Tristan (de Berne) (The Madness of Tristan (of Berne)) (late Twelfth Century AD)
Eilhart von Oberge’s Tristrant (Tristan) (AD 1170/1190)
La Folie Trist(r)an (d’Oxford), or Oxford Folie Trist(r)an (The Madness of Tristan (of Oxford), or Oxford Tristan’s Madness) (between AD 1175 and AD 1200)
Ulrich von Zatzikhoven’s Lanzelet (Lancelot) (c AD 1200)
Breuddwyd/Breudwyt Rhonabwy (Dream of Rhonabwy) (late Twelfth/early Thirteenth Century AD)
Gottfried von Strassburg’s Tristan (early Thirteenth Century AD)
Brother Robert’s Trist(r)ams Saga ok Ísöndar (Saga of Tristan and Isolde) (AD 1226)
Trioedd Ynys Prydein/Prydain (Triads of British Isle, or Welsh Triads) (Eleventh/(late Thirteenth)/Fourteenth Centuries AD)
Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1230/1240)
Post-Vulgate Mort Artu (Death of Arthur) (AD 1230/1240)
Tristan als Mönch (Tristan as a Monk) (early/mid Thirteenth Century AD)
Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose (Prose Tristan) (AD 1225-1235, AD 1276)
Tristano Riccardiano (Riccardian Tristan) (late Thirteenth Century AD)
Heinrich von Freiberg’s Continuation of Gottfried von Strassburg’s Tristan (c AD 1290)
Sir Tristrem (Sir Tristan) (c AD 1300)
Tóruigheacht/Tóraigheacht/Tóraíocht Dhiarmada agus Ghráinne (The Pursuit of Dairmait/Diarmaid and Gráinne) (AD 1651, as early as Tenth Century AD)
Tristano Panciati(c)chiano (Panciati(c)chian Tristan) (early Fourteenth Century AD)
Perceforest (Pierce the Forest) (AD 1330/1344)
La Tavola Ritonda (The Round Table) (AD 1325/1350)
Saga af Tristram ok Isodd (Saga of Tristan and Isolde) (Fourteenth Century AD)
(La) Vendetta (che fe Messer Lanzelloto de la Morte) di (Miser) Tristano ((The) Revenge/Vengeance (taken by Sir Lancelot for the Death) of (Sir) Tristan) (Fourteenth Century AD)
(I) Cantari di Tristano ((The) Songs of Tristan) (mid/late Fourteenth Century AD)
Ysaïe le Triste (Ysaïe the Sad) (late Fourteenth/early Fifteenth Century AD)
Tristrams Kvædi (Poem of Tristan) (early Fifteenth Century AD)
Tristano Veneto (Venetian Tristan) (Fifteenth Century AD)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Quando Tristano e Lancielotto al Petrone di Merlino (When Tristan and Lancelot fought at a Stone of Merlin) (late Fifteenth Century AD)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)
Pierre Sala’s Tristan (AD 1525/1529)
Tristan fragment (c AD 1550)
Tristram/Tristan og Isolde (Tristan and Isolde) (Sixteenth Century AD)
(I) Due Tristani ((The) Two Tristans) (AD 1555)
P(r)ovest′ o Tryshchane, or Povest o Trištanu i Ižoti, or Trysčan (Romance of Tristan, or Romance of Tristan and Isolde, or Tristan) (c AD 1580)
William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet (AD 1592/1593/1596)
William Shakespeare’s Troilus and Cressida (AD 1602/1606)
William Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra (AD 1606/1607/1608)

[Trystan ap Tal(l)w(r)ch is a known historical personage]
Astrological Signs Associated with Tristan

Libra — Venus+ — Air
Virgo — Mercury- — Earth

“Sir Lancelot”

*Sir King La(u)n(c/z)(h)elo(e)t(t)/Lanz(e/i)let/Lanç(arote)/Lançolot/Lancelin/Lancelus/Lancil(l)otto/L’Ancelot/L’Askelot/Askalos/Alanus-à-Lot/Ancalot/
/Lawnslot/Lantsloot/Lanziloto/Launselake/Lans(s)elo(it/s)/Lanselot(os)/Lanslate/Lanslod/Landą-el-ot/(land diminutive)/Lanzo-el-ot/Llancalet/Llachlue/Lamhcalad ((d(e)(u))/(of the) Lak(e)/Lac)/(Deulake)
Of Benwick
One of the three Bravest Knights
One of the three Knights of Battle (Battle Knights)
Some say that he is Isdernus as carved into the Modena archivolt
Son of

King Ban de/of Benwick/Benoic/Benoyc and Elaine
King Pant of Gen(n)ewis and Elayne
Domorot of Lokva
Haud of Schuwake

Appears in

The Archivolt/Archivault of the Porta della Pescheria on the Modena Cathedral (AD 1090/1120/1135/1140)
Chrétien de Troyes’ Lancelot, or Le Chevalier de la Charrete (Lancelot, or The Knight of the Cart) (c AD 1135)
Chrétien de Troyes’ Érec et Énide (Geraint and Enid) (c AD 1170)
Chrétien de Troyes’ Cligès (Cliges) (c AD 1176)
Ulrich von Zatzikhoven’s Lanzelet (Lancelot) (c AD 1200)
Perlesvaus, or Le/Li Hauz Livre(s) du Graal (Perceval, or The High Book(s)/History of the Grail) (AD 1192/1205/1220/1225)
Lancelot do Lac (Lancelot of the Lake) (AD 1215/1220)
Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Vulgate Mort(e) Artu (Death of Arthur) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin (Continuation of Merlin, or The Merlin Continuation) (AD 1230/1240)
Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1230/1240)
Post-Vulgate Mort Artu (Death of Arthur) (AD 1230/1240)
Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose (Prose Tristan) (AD 1225-1235, AD 1276)
Lantsloot vander Haghedochte (Lancelot of the Cave) (c AD 1260)
Jehan’s Les Merveilles de Rigomer (The Marvels of Rigomer) (mid/late Thirteenth Century AD)
(Roman van) Lanceloet ((Romance of) Lancelot) (AD 1322/1323)
Lanceloet en het Hert met de Witte Voet (Lancelot and the Hart/Stag with the White Foot) (AD 1322/1323)
Perceforest (Pierce the Forest) (AD 1330/1344)
La Tavola Ritonda (The Round Table) (AD 1325/1350)
Stanzaic Le Morte Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Fourteenth Century AD)
(La) Vendetta (che fe Messer Lanzelloto de la Morte) di (Miser) Tristano ((The) Revenge/Vengeance (taken by Sir Lancelot for the Death) of (Sir) Tristan) (Fourteenth Century AD)
Alliterative Morte Arthure (Death of Arthur) (c AD 1400)
(Li) C(h)antari di Lancel(l)otto (The Songs of Lancelot) (late Fourteenth/early Fifteenth Century AD)
Le Livre de Lancelot du Lac (The Book of Lancelot of the Lake) (c AD 1401/1425)
Ulrich Füetrer’s Prose Lantzilet (Prose Lancelot) (c AD 1467, or AD 1471/1472 to AD 1475/1476)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Lancelot of the Laik (Lancelot of the Lake) (late Fifteenth Century AD)
Quando Tristano e Lancielotto al Petrone di Merlino (When Tristan and Lancelot fought at a Stone of Merlin) (late Fifteenth Century AD)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)
Ulrich Füetrer’s Stanzaic Lannzilet (Stanzaic Lancelot) (AD 1483/1487)
Sir Lancelot du Lake (Sir Lancelot of the Lake) (Sixteenth Century AD)
P(r)ovest′ o Tryshchane, or Povest o Trištanu i Ižoti, or Trysčan (Romance of Tristan, or Romance of Tristan and Isolde, or Tristan) (c AD 1580)
(Baron Alfred Lord Tennyson’s Idylls of the King)

Astrological Signs Associated with Lancelot

Leo — Sun+/- — Fire
Virgo — Mercury- — Earth
Scorpio — Mars- — Water

“Sir Kay”

§Sir K(a)y(e)/Kaynus/Kayous/Kai/Kei(e/i/s)/Ke(u)(l)(s)/Kazin/Kenis/Kè(s)/Key(e/s)/Ke(u)(x/z)/Koi(s)/Coi/Ca(y/i)(e)/Cei/Cai(us)/Che(us)/Cheix/Cheudo/Chieso/Gaius/Gues/Q(u)es/Quei(s)/Qu(o)i(s)
Of Caer Goch
Le/the Seneschal
One of the three Diademed Knights
Son of Ector
Arthur’s Foster Brother
Count of Anjou
Appears in

Culhwch ac Olwen (Culhwch/Kilhwch and Olwen/Olwyn) (AD 990/1100)
Englyn(n)ion y Beddau/Bedeu (Stanzas/Verses of The Graves), or Beddau Milwyr Ynys Prydain (Graves of Warriors of Isle of Britain) (Tenth/Eleventh/Thirteenth Century)
Chrétien de Troyes’ Lancelot, or Le Chevalier de la Charrete (Lancelot, or The Knight of the Cart) (c AD 1135)
Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Regum Britanniæ (History of Kings of Britain), or De Gestis Britonum (Of Deeds of Britons) (AD 1136/1138/1139)
Robert Wace of Jersey’s Roman de Brut (Romance of Brutus, or A History of the British);
or Geste des Bretons (Deeds of the British/Britons/Bretons);
or Brut d’Engleterre (Brutus of England); or Roman des Rois d’Angleterre (Romance of Kings of England) (AD 1155)
Chrétien de Troyes’ Érec et Énide (Geraint and Enid) (c AD 1170)
Chrétien de Troyes’ Yvain, or Le Chevalier au Lion (Owain, or The Knight with the Lion) (AD 1177/1181)
Chrétien de Troyes’ Perceval, or Le Conte del Graal (Perceval, or The Story/Tale of the Grail) (AD 1176/1180/1190/1191)
Wauchier of Denain’s First Continuation of Chrétien’s Perceval (AD 1195/1200)
Robert de Boron’s Merlin (AD 1191/1195/1202/1210)
Wolfram von Eschenbach’s Parzival (Perceval) (AD 1200/1210)
Perlesvaus, or Le/Li Hauz Livre(s) du Graal (Perceval, or The High Book(s)/History of the Grail) (AD 1192/1205/1220/1225)
Layamon’s Brut (Brutus, or The Chronicle of Britain) (AD 1209/1215)
Der Stricker’s Daniel von dem Blühenden Tal (Daniel of the Blooming Valley) (AD 1210/1225)
Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Vulgate Mort(e) Artu (Death of Arthur) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Heinrich von dem Türlin’s Diu Crône (The (Bejewelled) Crown) (AD 1224/1230)
Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Estoire del Saint Grail (History of the Holy Grail), or L’Estoire de Merlin (The History of Merlin), or Prose Merlin (AD 1220/1230s/1235)
Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin (Story of Merlin) (AD 1220/1230s/1235)
Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin (Continuation of Merlin, or The Merlin Continuation) (AD 1230/1240)
Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1230/1240)
Post-Vulgate Mort Artu (Death of Arthur) (AD 1230/1240)
Der Pleier’s Garel von dem blühenden Tal (Garel of the Blossoming/Flowering Valley) (AD 1240/1270)
Jehan’s Les Merveilles de Rigomer (The Marvels of Rigomer) (mid/late Thirteenth Century AD)
Wal(e)wein ende Keye/Keie (Gawain and Kay) (AD 1263/1264)
(Of) Arthour and (of) Merlin ((Of) Arthur and (of) Merlin) (late Thirteenth Century AD)
Girart d’Amiens’ (Der Roman von) Escanor (c AD 1280)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

[Lord Cai Hir (Kay the Tall) of Caer-Gai (Caer-Gynyr) is a known historical personage]
Compare with

Gilfaethwy/Gilvaethwy fab Dôn
Lludd/Nudd Llaw Eraint/Ereint/Arian (Lludd Silver Hand), son Beli Mawr
Nodens
Nuada Airgetlám (Nuada Silver Hand)
Mars

Astrological Sign Associated with Kay - Sagittarius — Jupiter+ — Fire

“Sir Mordred”

*Sir Mo(r)d(d)(e)red(e)/Mo(r)d(a)ret(te)/Mordrech/Mordrés/Medraut/Medrawd/Medrod/Melwas/Maelwys/Malagrant/Mabon
One of three of the Royal Knights
Ap/(son of)

Modron
Cawrdaf ap Caradog/Caradoc Freichfras ap Ynyr Honorius Brenin ap Dyfnwal Hen ap Ednyfed ap Anwn/Antonius Dynod/Donatus
(Lug(h) Lám(h)f(h)ada/Long Arm/Hand)/Llew(ddyn)/Lleu(ddun Llaw Gyffes) and ?Dechtire?/?Gwyar?

Son of Cian/Cein and Ethliu/Ethniu/Ethlenn/Ethnenn
Son of Gwydion/Gwydyon and Arianrhod
Son of Cadlew ap Cadell ap Decurion ap Cinis Scaplaut ap Lleu Hen ap Guid Gen ap Caradog ap Bran

Llew/Lleu/Lug(h)/L(i)ot(h)(/Lliaws?)/Leudonus/(Lludd + Lleu) Luwddoc/Luyddog/(of the Host)/Lludd/Nudd (of Lothian and Orkney) and Anna/Margawse/Morgause
Arthur (traditionally son of Uther and Igraine) and (Morgause)/(Morgan le Fay — only in modern fiction)

Appears in

Annales Cambriæ (Annals of Wales) (AD 950/960/970/980)
Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Regum Britanniæ (History of Kings of Britain), or De Gestis Britonum (Of Deeds of Britons) (AD 1136/1138/1139)
Robert Wace of Jersey’s Roman de Brut (Romance of Brutus, or A History of the British);
or Geste des Bretons (Deeds of the British/Britons/Bretons);
or Brut d’Engleterre (Brutus of England); or Roman des Rois d’Angleterre (Romance of Kings of England) (AD 1155)
Layamon’s Brut (Brutus, or The Chronicle of Britain) (AD 1209/1215)
Vera Historia de Morte Arthuri (True History of Death of Arthur) (mid Twelveth/late Thirteenth Century AD)
Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Vulgate Mort(e) Artu (Death of Arthur) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Trioedd Ynys Prydein/Prydain (Triads of British Isle, or Welsh Triads) (Eleventh/(late Thirteenth)/Fourteenth Centuries AD)
Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin (Story of Merlin) (AD 1220/1230s/1235)
Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin (Continuation of Merlin, or The Merlin Continuation) (AD 1230/1240)
Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1230/1240)
Post-Vulgate Mort Artu (Death of Arthur) (AD 1230/1240)
Pierre/Piers de Langtoft’s (Peter (of) Langtoft’s) The Chronicle (c AD 1300/1305)
Perceforest (Pierce the Forest) (AD 1330/1344)
La Tavola Ritonda (The Round Table) (AD 1325/1350)
Robert Mannyng of Brunne’s The Story of England (AD 1338)
Jean d’Ou(t)remeuse’s/(des Preis’) Ly Myreur des Histors (The Mirror of Histories) (c AD 1350)
Stanzaic Le Morte Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Fourteenth Century AD)
Giovanni Boccaccio’s De Casibus Virorum Illustrium (On Fate of Illustrious Men) (AD 1355/1362)
John of Fordun’s Chronica Gentis Scotorum (Chronicle of Scottish People) (c AD 1385)
Alliterative Morte Arthure (Death of Arthur) (c AD 1400)
(Li) C(h)antari di Lancel(l)otto (The Songs of Lancelot) (late Fourteenth/early Fifteenth Century AD)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)
The Legend of King Arthur (Sixteenth Century AD)
Hector Boece’s/Boethius’ Scotorum Historiæ (History of Scots) (AD 1527/1575)
(Baron Alfred Lord Tennyson’s Idylls of the King)

Mordred compared with

Gwawl fab Clud
Gwyn(n)(was) ap Nudd

Astrological Signs Associated with Mordred

Virgo — Mercury- — Earth
Aries — Mars+ — Fire
Scorpio — Mars- — Water

“Sir Yvain”

§Sir Prince Owain/Owe(i)n/Ovan/Yvain(e/s)/Yvein/Ywa(i)n(e)(s)/Ywons/Yo(v)(a)in/Uwa(i/y)n(e)/Ew(a/e)(i/y)n(e)/Evein(s)/Eventus/Evrains/Ivan(o)/Iven/Iwa(i)n(et)/Iwe(i)n
Le Blanchma(i)n(s)
The Knight of the Lion
One of the three (Knights of Battle)/(Battle Knights)
Son of King Urien(s)/Urience/Uryens De/(of)/O (the land of) Gower/Gŵyr/Gor(r)e/(Degore/Tegyr) and Queen Morgan(a) le Fay
A number of poems in Llyfr Taliessin glorify his many victories and lament his death, but do not connect him to Arthur
In Englyn(n)ion y Beddau/Bedeu, we find a mention of his square grave at Llanforfael
In Trioedd Ynys Prydein/Prydain

His wife, Penarwan, was one of the ‘Three Faithless Wives of the Isle of Britain’
He rode a horse named Cloven-Hoof
His mother was Modron

Geoffrey of Monmouth and Robert Wace of Jersey are the first texts to mention Yvain as Arthur’s contemporary

He appears late in the Arthurian saga
Even as Arthur is fighting his last battles
Geoffrey says

Yvain succeeds King Angusel of Scotland after Angusel dies at the battle of Camlann
Yvain wins many battles afterward

Robert Wace says Arthur personally appoints Yvain to the throne of Scotland

In Chrétien de Troyes’ Yvain,

He is almost indentical to Welsh Owain in Owain, neu (Chwedyl) Iarlles y Ffynnon/Ffynnawn
Either Owain derives from Yvain or they both derive from a common source

Jocelyn(e)/Jocelin of Furness’ Vita Sancti Kentigerni names ‘Ewen’ as the father of Saint Kentigern, the patron saint of Glasgow
Breuddwyd/Breudwyt Rhonabwy shows no influence of the chronicles or the French romances and may suggest an earlier Welsh tradition of Owain as one of Arthur’s companions

In this tale, Owain is not only ‘Emperor’ Arthur’s contemporary, but seems to be his equal
Owain commands a flock of warrior-ravens
Arthur and Owain play a game of Gwyddbwyll (a chess-like board game)

During which a servant rushes in
Reports that Arthur’s warriors are slaughtering Owain’s chained ravens

When Arthur refuses to stop the murder

Owain orders his ravens released
The birds begin killing the warriors

Owain refuses to call off the ravens

Until they have killed a fair number of Arthur’s nobles
Arthur, infuriated, crushes the Gwyddbwyll figures to dust

In Vulgate and Post-Vulgate Cycles,

He is called ‘Yvain the Tall’ or ‘Yvain the Great’ to distinguish him from the other Yvains, one of whom is Yvain the Bastard, his (half-)brother
Descended from Joseph of Arimathea, Yvain is son of King Urien of Gorre and Arthur’s sister,

Either Brimesent or Morgan le Fay
Earliest mention of Morgan as Yvain’s mother is in Tyolet (late Twelfth Century AD)

Even as his father participates in a rebellion against Arthur,

Yvain follows his cousin Gawain’s example
Leaves home with his brother to join Arthur’s service

On the way to Logres,

They defeat armies of Saxons
At the battles of Diana Bridge and Arundel

Yvain is knighted by Arthur
He joins Arthur’s wars against

King Claudas
Saxons
Rome
Lord Galehaut

In his many subsequent adventures,

He stops Morgan from killing his father
Saves Lady of the Rock from two oppressors
Witnesses Grail marvels at Rock of the Stag
Slays a giant named Malduit
Saves Lancelot from drowning
With Gawain, kills the seven evil brothers who rule the Castle of Maidens

Some of his adventures occur during a temporary banishment from Arthur’s court, brought on by his mother’s attempt to murder Arthur
Yvain leads a battalion at the battle of Salisbury, where he kills

A Saxon Lord named Arcan
And a Saxon King who has allied with Mordred

Mordred eventually cleaves Yvain through he brain
Witnessing this slaying, Arthur cries, ‘Ah! God, why did you allow me to see the worst traitor in the world kill one of the noblest of men?’

Ywain and Gawain tells essentially the same story as Chrétien and Welsh Owain:

Intrigued by Calogrenant’s or Cynon’s tale of an enchanted fountain in the forest of Broceliande
Yvain, as a member of Arthur’s court, decides to try the adventure himself
Arriving at the fountain,

He pours a basin of water on a stone
Which causes a hailstorm to pelt the area

The Lord of the fountain,

Called Esclados
Arrives and challenges Yvain
Yvain kills him

Yvain travels to Esclados’ fortress,

Where he is trapped between two portcullises
Is rescued by Lunete, a servant of Esclados’ widow, Laudine

Lunete gives him an invisibility ring which allows him to escape
Yvain falls in love with Laudine
- Lunete convinces Laudine to marry him
- Pointing out that some knight must protect the fountain from Arthur’s forces, who are rumoured to be on the march
Yvain and Laudine are wed, and Yvain takes his place as the fountain’s guardian
When Arthur and his company arrive, Yvain fights with Kay before revealing himself
Desiring to return to court,

He asks Laudine for leave
She allows him to go provided he returns in one year

At court,

Yvain loses track of time
Overstays the year

Laudine sends a messenger to rebuke and renounce him
Yvain goes mad and roams the hills

Until servants of the Lady of Norison cure him
With a magic ointment made by Morgan le Fay

In return for the healing, Yvain helps the countess defend her lands against the Earl Alier
Yvain then makes his way back to his wife
Along the way, he rescues a lion from a serpent
The lion becomes his faithful guardian and refuses to leave his side
Yvain earns the nickname ‘the Knight with the Lion’
With his lion,

He defeats a giant named Harpin
Rescues the denizens of the Castle of Most Ill Adventure
Settles a land dispute between the daughters of the Lord of the Black Thorn

He rescues Lady Lunete,

Who is imprisoned by Laudine’s chamberlains
As punishment for Lunete’s initial suggestion that Laudine marry Yvain

Yvain eventually reunites and reconciles with Laudine

Interspersed among the central Yvain romances are a number of tales that offer variations or additions to his story

In Claris et Laris, Yvain has a sister named Marine
In Sir Perceval of Galles, Yvain’s father is called Asoure
La Tavola Ritonda says that he died fighting Mordred’s army at Siege of Urbano
Malory makes him the father of Yder and equates him with Yvain of the White Hands, a separate character in Vulgate Cycle

Appears in

Englyn(n)ion y Beddau/Bedeu (Stanzas/Verses of the Graves), or Beddau Milwyr Ynys Prydain (Graves of Warriors of Isle of Britain) (Tenth/Eleventh/Thirteenth Century AD)
Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Regum Britanniæ (History of Kings of Britain), or De Gestis Britonum (Of Deeds of Britons) (AD 1136/1138/1139)
Robert Wace of Jersey’s Roman de Brut (Romance of Brutus, or A History of the British); or Geste des Bretons (Deeds of the British/Britons/Bretons);
or Brut d’Engleterre (Brutus of England); or Roman des Rois d’Angleterre (Romance of Kings of England) (AD 1155)
Tyolet (late Twelfth Century AD)
Chrétien de Troyes’ Yvain, or Le Chevalier au Lion (Owain, or The Knight with the Lion) (AD 1177/1181)
Jocelyn(e)/Jocelin of Furness’ Vita Sancti Kentigerni (Life of Saint Kentigern) (AD 1175/1185/1187/1188/1199/1214)
Breuddwyd/Breudwyt Rhonabwy (Dream of Rhonabwy) (late Twelfth/early Thirteenth Century AD)
Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Vulgate Mort(e) Artu (Death of Arthur) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Trioedd Ynys Prydein/Prydain (Triads of British Isle, or Welsh Triads) (Eleventh/(late Thirteenth)/Fourteenth Centuries AD)
Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin (Story of Merlin) (AD 1220/1230s/1235)
Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin (Continuation of Merlin, or The Merlin Continuation) (AD 1230/1240)
Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1230/1240)
Post-Vulgate Mort Artu (Death of Arthur) (AD 1230/1240)
Owain, neu (Chwedyl) Iarlles y Ffynnon/Ffynnawn (Owain, or the Lady of the Fountain) (Thirteenth Century AD)
Claris et Laris (Claris and Laris) (AD 1268)
(Of) Arthour and (of) Merlin ((Of) Arthur and (of) Merlin) (late Thirteenth Century AD)
Ywain and Gawain (Owain and Gawain) (AD 1310/1340)
Sir Perceval of Galles (Sir Perceval of Wales) (early Fourteenth Century AD)
La Tavola Ritonda (The Round Table) (AD 1325/1350)
Alliterative Morte Arthure (Alliterative Death of Arthur) (c AD 1400)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

[Known historical personages]

[Owe(i)n/Owain ap Urien/Urbgenius/Orobogenius/Orian ap Kynfarch/Cynfarch/Cynvarch Oer/Gul/(the Cold/Dismal) of North Rheged]
[Owain ap Gwrgan(t)/Gwrcantus/Gurgantius/Fergus Fawr/Mawr/Magnus/(the Great) of Ergyng/Erging/Ernyng of South Rheged]

Astrological Sign Associated with Owain - Leo — Sun+/- — Fire

“King Lot”, “Sir Nudd/N(i)ut”, “King L(l)ud(d)”, and “Ll(e)(u/w)(ch) (Ll(e)a(wwynn)(a)(wg) and Lle(m(i/e))n(lle)(aw/i)g”

§ Sir King (Ll(e)u(ch)/Llwch (Lleawg/Llawwynnawg))/Lleminawg/Llenlleawg/Llew/Llemenig/(A)l(i)o(s)t(t)(h/e/o)(/Lliaws?)/Leudonus/(Lludd + Lleu)/L(l)ud(d)/Nudd/N(i)ut/Nown/Noyt/Nu(c)(s)/Nu(n/s/z) Luwddoc/Luyddog/(of the Host)
of (Lothian and) Orkney
Most likely separate as

(Ll(e)u(ch)/Llwch (Lleawg/Llawwynnawg))/Lleminawg/Llenlleawg/Llew/Llemenig

Lluch Lleawg and Lleminawg

Lluch Lleawg
     — Lluch means Lake
     — One of Arthur’s warriors, described in Preiddeu Annw(fy)n
     — Assisted Arthur in obtaining a magical cauldron from Annwn
     — May be related to Llenlleawg from Culhwch ac Olwen who has a similar role in a comparable expedition
     — Either Lluch Lleawg or his comrade Lleminawg may be the origin of Lancelot, having descended from the Celtic God Lug
Lleminawg
     — One of Arthur’s warriors who, in Preiddeu Annw(fy)n, helps Arthur take the enchanted cauldron from the Welsh otherworld
     — May be identical to Llenlleawg from Culhwch ac Olwen who has a similar role in a comparable expedition
     — May be identical to Llemenig of Trioedd Ynys Prydein/Prydain
     — Either he or his comrade Lluch Lleawg may be the origin of Lancelot

Llwch Llawwynnawg and Llenlleawg

Llwch Llawwynnawg
     — His first name means “lake” while his second seems to mean “striking hand”
     — One of King Arthur’s warriors in Welsh legends
     — He is perhaps taken from Irish folk character Lug (he is mentioned as being from “across the sea”)
     — According to the legend, he fathered a number of sons who became Arthur’s warriors, including, probably, Llenlleawg
     — Several of his sons were named Gweir
     — His relationship with Lluch Lleawg and Lleminawg is uncertain, but he may be identical to either of these characters
     — May be the origin of Lancelot and Lot
Llenlleawg
     — He is called “the exalted one”
     — One of Arthur’s warriors, from the headlands of Gamon in Ireland
     — Accompanied Arthur to Ireland on the quest to obtain the cauldron of Diwrnach
     — Upon Diwrnach’s refusal to hand it over, Llenlleawg grabbed Arthur’s sword Caledfwlch and killed Diwrnach
     — He may be identified with either Lluch Lleawg or Lleminawg from Preiddeu Annw(fy)n
     — May be a prototype of Lancelot

Llew and Llemenig

Llew
     — Son of Cynfarch and one of Arthur’s “Golden-Tongued Knights”
     — Apparently had a particular skill with speech
     — Is the brother of Urien
     — In Welsh translation of Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Regum Britanniæ, he is named as husband of Anna (Arthur’s sister) and father of Gwalchmei (Gawain)
     — May be identical to Lluch Lleawg in Preiddeu Annw(fy)n
Llemenig
     — A Welsh warrior, mentioned in Trioedd Ynys Prydein/Prydain as both an “unrestricted guest” and a “wanderer” of Arthur’s court
     — One of the three “violent ones” of Britain
     — May be identical to Lleminawg of Preiddeu Annw(fy)n

(A)l(i)o(s)t(t)(h/e/o)(/Lliaws?)/Leudonus(/Gwyar) Luwddoc/Luyddog/(of the Host) of (Lothian and) Orkney

(A)l(i)o(s)t(t)(h/e/o)(/Lliaws?)/Leudonus Luwddoc/Luyddog/(of the Host) of (Lothian and) Orkney, and Gwyar

(A)l(i)o(s)t(t)(h/e/o)(/Lliaws?)/Leudonus Luwddoc/Luyddog/(of the Host) of (Lothian and) Orkney
     — Roger Sherman Loomis thinks that Lot’s origin was the God Lug
               Transferred through Welsh character named Llwch Llawwynnawg of Culhwch ac Olwen
               Geoffrey of Monmouth may have simply invented his name to explain Lothian, Lot’s kingdom
     — Another possible origin of Lot is a certain Leudonus, who was said to have ruled Lothian in the Fifth Century AD
     — He is Gawain’s father
     — Lot’s counterpart in Welsh legend (as the father of Gawain’s counterpart, Gwalchmei) is Gwyar
     — Other than Gawain, Lot’s children, in various sources, include Gaheris, Agravain, Gareth, Mordred, Beacurs, Cundrie, Itonje, Soredamor, Elaine, and Thametes
     — He marries Arthur’s sister (Anna, Sangive, Seife, Belisent, or Morgause), depending on the source
     — The circumstances surrounding Lot’s marriage to Arthur’s sister are related in Les Enfances Gauvain and De Ortu Walu(u)an(n)ii(i), Nepotis Arturi:
               Sent to live in the court of King Uther Pendragon as a hostage after Uther conquers Norway
               Lot falls in love with Uther’s daughter (whom he serves as a page)
               Engages in a clandestine relationship
               Of which Gawain is the illegitimate product
     — First found in Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Regum Britanniæ as the dispossessed heir to Norway,
               Lot, Urien, and Angusel are all brothers, but in later legends they are unrelated except by marriage
               King Lot is described in various texts as Ruler of Lothian, Orkney, Carlisle, Pictland, and the Out(er) Isles
     — Geoffrey and other chroniclers give Lot the role of Arthur’s supporter and ally
               Lot fights against Saxons during the reigns of Uther and Arthur
               In reward, Arthur returns Lothian to him when it has been reclaimed from Saxons
               Appoints Lot the King of Norway (Lot’s hereditary right as the grandson of Sichelm) when it has been conquered from Riculf
               Lot fights for Arthur in campaigns against Gaul and Rome
               Leads a battalion of soldiers at the battle of Soissons
     — According to Vulgate Romances, he is son of King Hedor of Lothian
     — Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin is the first to name Lot as Arthur’s enemy (one of the rebellious kings whom Arthur defeats at Caerleon and Bedegraine)
               His rebellion is cut short when Saxons invade Britain
               Lot has to return to Lothian to defend it
               His sons defect to join Arthur’s service
               Gawain later defeats Lot in combat and forces him to surrender to Arthur
               Lot then advocates a truce between Arthur and the other rebellious kings, for the purpose of expelling Saxons
     — In Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin and Malory’s account,
               Lot never allies with Arthur
               After repelling an invasion of Saracens
                         He joins forces with King Rions and King Nero
                         To invade Arthur’s land and lay siege to Castle Tarabel
               Merlin, realising that the combined armies will defeat Arthur, goes to Lot’s chambers
                         Distracts him by weaving a fascinating tale of prophecy while Nero’s army is being destroyed
               When Lot learns of the trickery,
                         He leads his army against Arthur’s but is killed in battle by King Pellinore
                         Sparking a deadly feud between his descendants and Pellinore’s
               Arthur has him buried at Saint Stephen’s in Camelot
     — According to Alliterative Morte Arthure, which follows Geoffrey’s account, Lot was slain in the war against Mordred
     — Robert de Boron’s Didot(-)Perceval gives a similar account of his death
Gwyar

L(l)ud(d)/Nudd/N(i)ut/Nown/Noyt/Nu(c)(s)/Nu(n/s/z)

L(l)ud(d)

Lud
     — According to Geoffrey of Monmouth, a King of Britain in First Century BC
     — Eldest son of King Hely
     — His brothers are Cassibelaunus and Nennius
     — During his reign, Lud builds cities and palaces all over Britain
     — Present-day London is named after him
     — Lud has two sons, Androgeus and Tenuantius, but when he died, they were too young to inherit the throne
     — Cassibelaunus succeeded him
Lludd
     — King of Britain in (Cyfranc) Lludd a Lleuelys
     — Son of Beli, Lludd inherited the kingdom after his father’s death
     — Three plagues fall upon his island, and Lludd sends for his brother Llefelys, King of France, to help eradicate them
     — With his brother’s help, he rid himself of the plagues (one of which was a pair of dragons that he buried under the mountain Dinas Emrys)

Nudd/N(i)ut/Nown/Noyt/Nu(c)(s)/Nu(n/s/z)

Father of Arthur’s Sir Yder as well as the warriors Gwynn, Owain, and Dryon
He is a mortal incarnation of the God Nodens, whose counterpart in Irish mythology is Nuada Airgetlám (Nuada Silver Hand)
His father is named Senyllt
Trioedd Ynys Prydein/Prydain calls him “Nudd the Generous”
In Robert Biket’s (Le) Lai du Cor,
— He appears as one of Arthur’s Knights
— Where his wife is shown to be unfaithful in a chastity test
In Le Romanz du Reis Yder,
     — We learn that Nut, the Duke of Alemaine in Scotland, abandons Yder’s mother
     — But leaves half of a ring with her so that he could someday be identified
     — Yder sets out on a quest for his father when he comes of age
     — They eventually encounter each other and fight a combat before they learn each other’s identities and reconcile
     — At the conclusion of the romance, Nut finally marries Yder’s mother

“Lluch Lleawg and Lleminawg” appear in Preiddeu Annw(fy)n (Spoils of Annwn) (c AD 900)
“Llwch Llawwynnawg and Llenlleawg” appear in Culhwch ac Olwen (Culhwch/Kilhwch and Olwen/Olwyn) (AD 990/1100)
“Llew and Llemenig” appear in Trioedd Ynys Prydein/Prydain (Triads of British Isle, or Welsh Triads) (Eleventh/(late Thirteenth)/Fourteenth Centuries AD)
“King Lot” appears in

Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Regum Britanniæ (History of Kings of Britain), or De Gestis Britonum (Of Deeds of Britons) (AD 1136/1138/1139)
Robert Wace of Jersey’s Roman de Brut (Romance of Brutus, or A History of the British); or Geste des Bretons (Deeds of the British/Britons/Bretons);
or Brut d’Engleterre (Brutus of England); or Roman des Rois d’Angleterre (Romance of Kings of England) (AD 1155)
Chrétien de Troyes’ Érec et Énide (Geraint and Enid) (c AD 1170)
Wolfram von Eschenbach’s Parzival (AD 1200/1210)
Layamon’s Brut (Brutus, or The Chronicle of Britain) (AD 1209/1215)
Robert de Boron’s Didot(-)Perceval, or Romance of Perceval in Prose, or Prose Perceval (AD 1200/1220/1230)
Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Les Enfances Gauvain (The Youth of Gawain) (early Thirteenth Century AD)
Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin (Story of Merlin) (AD 1220/1230s/1235)
Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin (Continuation of Merlin, or The Merlin Continuation) (AD 1230/1240)
(Of) Arthour and (of) Merlin ((Of) Arthur and (of) Merlin) (late Thirteenth Century AD)
De Ortu Walu(u)an(n)ii(i), Nepotis Arturi (Of Rise of Gawain, Nephew of Arthur) (late Thirteenth Century AD)
Alliterative Morte Arthure (Alliterative Death of Arthur) (c AD 1400)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)
Hector Boece’s/Boethius’ Scotorum Historiæ (History of Scots) (AD 1527/1575)

“King L(l)ud(d)” appears in

Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Regum Britanniæ (History of Kings of Britain), or De Gestis Britonum (Of Deeds of Britons) (AD 1136/1138/1139)
(Cyfranc) Lludd a Lleuelys ((Adventure of) Lludd and Llefelys) (Twelfth/Thirteenth Century AD and earlier)

“Sir Nudd/N(i)ut” appears in

Culhwch ac Olwen (Culhwch/Kilhwch and Olwen/Olwyn) (AD 990/1100)
Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Regum Britanniæ (History of Kings of Britain), or De Gestis Britonum (Of Deeds of Britons) (AD 1136/1138/1139)
Robert Biket’s (Le) Lai du Cor ((The) Lay of the Horn) (mid/late Twelfth Century AD)
Chrétien de Troyes’ Érec et Énide (Geraint and Enid) (c AD 1170)
Le Romanz du Reis Yder, or Roman de Yder, or Roman d’Yder (Romance of (the King) Yder) (AD 1210)
Trioedd Ynys Prydein/Prydain (Triads of British Isle, or Welsh Triads) (Eleventh/(late Thirteenth)/Fourteenth Centuries AD)
(Geraint/)Gereint ac Enid) ((Geraint/)Gereint and Enid) (Thirteenth Century AD)

[Know historical personages]

[King Llew ap Cynfarch, brother of Urien/Urbgenius/Orobogenius/Orian ap Kynfarch/Cynfarch/Cynvarch Oer/Gul/(the Cold/Dismal) of North Rheged]
[King Ll((eu)/(aw))dd(u/e)n/Leta(n/m) L(u)yddog ap Cadleu of Dinas Eidyn]

[King Lot Luwddoc of Gododdin]
[King Leudonus of Lothian]

Compare with

Lug(h)

lug - oath, pledge; leuk - light
An Irish Sun God whom some scholars see as origin (through Welsh Llwch) of Lot and Lancelot
Is father of Cuchulainn, Irish counterpart of Gawain (among others)
Owns a magic spear called Luin of Celtchar that may precede the Bleeding Lance of Grail legend

Nodens
Nuada Argetlam (Nuada Silver Hand)
Mars

“Sir Perceval”

*§Sir King Perceval/Percival(e)/Percyvale/Parce(f/v)al/Par(s/c)ifal/Par(z/c)ival/Partzefal/Perlesvaus/Percevas/Per(c/s)evall(e)/Perc(e/y)vell(e)/Perchevael/Perciuales/Prenzival/Pressivalle/Prezzivale/
/(Peredur (Paladyr Hir)/(Arueu Dur) — (Long Spear)/(Steel Arm))
de/of/le/li/the Galis/Waleis

Wales
Valais

of York
The Fair Unknown
One of the three Virgin Knights
Born in Sinadon

Snowdon, Wales
Sidonensis, Valais

Son of

Perceval
Alain le/li/the Gros/Fat
King Pellinor(e)
Pellehan
Eleuther(ius)/Eliffer/Elidur
Earl Efrog/Efrawg/Evrawg/Ef(ra)wc/Eburaco
Ragnal
Bliocadran
Gahmuret
Greloguevaus
Gales/Giles/Wales Lithauz the/li Bald/Bold/C(h)au(f)s/Chans/Gaiz
Gawain and Ragnall

Appears in

(Historia Peredur, neu) Peredur (fab Efrawg/Efrawc) ((History of Perceval, or) Perceval (son of Ebrauc/Eburac/Ivory)) (AD 1150)
Rigaut/Rigaud(us)/Richart(z) de Berbezilh’s/Berbezill(o)’s/Barbesiu’s/Barbezieux’s Atressi con Persavaus (Atressi with Perceval) (AD 1140/1163)
Chrétien de Troyes’ Perceval, or Le Conte del Graal (Perceval, or The Story/Tale of the Grail) (AD 1176/1180/1190/1191)
Wauchier of Denain’s First Continuation of Chrétien’s Perceval (AD 1195/1200)
Gauchier of Donaing’s Second Continuation of Chrétien’s Perceval (c AD 1200)
Wolfram von Eschenbach’s Parzival (Perceval) (AD 1200/1210)
Perlesvaus, or Le/Li Hauz Livre(s) du Graal (Perceval, or The High Book(s)/History of the Grail) (AD 1192/1205/1220/1225)
Robert de Boron’s Didot(-)Perceval, or Romance of Perceval in Prose, or Prose Perceval (AD 1200/1220/1230)
Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Manessier’s Third Continuation of Chrétien’s Perceval (c AD 1230)
Gerbert/Gilbert de Montreuil’s Fourth Continuation of Chrétien’s Perceval (c AD 1230)
Parcevals saga and Valvens þáttr (Perceval’s Saga and Gawain’s Episode) (AD 1204/1263)
Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin (Continuation of Merlin, or The Merlin Continuation) (AD 1230/1240)
Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1230/1240)
Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose (Prose Tristan) (AD 1225-1235, AD 1276)
(Roman van) Perchevael ((Romance of) Perceval) (AD 1322/1323)
Sir Perceval of Galles (Sir Perceval of Wales) (early Fourteenth Century AD)
Perceforest (Pierce the Forest) (AD 1330/1344)
Chrétien de Troyes’ Bliocadran Prologue (AD 1251/1529)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)
(Baron Alfred Lord Tennyson’s Idylls of the King)

[Peredur (Paladyr Hir)/(Arueu Dur) — (Long Spear)/(Steel Arm) ap Eleuther(ius)/Eliffer/Elidur is a known historical personage]
Astrological Signs Associated with Perceval

Sagittarius — Jupiter+ — Fire
Libra — Venus+ — Air
Aquarius — Saturn+ — Air

“Sir Griflet”

Sir G(r)if(f)let/Gi(r)(l)f(f)le(t/s/z)/Girflez/Gerflet/Grislet/Giflés/Gifflès/G(r)i(m)fles/Giftet/Groflet/Gy(r)f(f)le(s/t)/Gyffroun/Jaufré/Jaufr(e/i)/(J/I)ofreit le/li Fi(e)us/Fis(e)/Fil(s/z) (de) Dieu/Do((o)n)/Dos/Do(u)/Idol
First found, as Girflez le fils Do, in Chrétien de Troyes’ Lancelot
Further texts featuring him include

Raoul de Houdenc’s/Houdan’s La Vengeance Raguidel
Gerbert/Gilbert de Montreuil’s Fourth Continuation of Perceval
Hunbaut

In French chivalric romance prose cycles, he is a cousin to Lucan and Bedivere who first appears as a loyal and valiant young squire at the beginning of King Arthur’s rule
About the same age as Arthur, he distinguishes himself in the Battle of Bedegraine against the rebels
Later, his role becomes largely limited to him notoriously often falling into captivity

For the other Knights to rescue in the course of their own adventures
Even leading Gawain to comment in Vulgate Cycle that “there never was a man so frequently taken prisoner as Girflet has been”

According to Post-Vulgate Mort Artu,

He is one of the few survivors of Arthur’s final battle
Asked by the dying king to return his sword Excalibur to the Lady of the Lake

Personally slays one of the Saxon Kings when he helps Kay and Gawain rescue Guinevere in Prose Merlin
In Malory, Sir Griflet is one of the Knights killed by Lancelot’s rescue party for Guinevere
Making Griflet’s cousin Bedivere the Knight who casts away Excalibur
The role that is given to Bedivere also in the earlier English adaptations of Mort Artu
Appears as

Giflés/Gifles li fius Do in Chrétien de Troyes’ Érec et Énide (c AD 1170)
Giflés/Gifles li fius Do in Chrétien de Troyes’ Perceval, or Le Conte del Graal (AD 1176/1180/1190/1191)
Giflés/Gifles/Giflet li/le fius/fils (de) Do in Renaut/Renaud/Renals de Bâgé/Beaujeu/Biauju’s Le Bel Inconnu, or Li Biaus Descouneüs (AD 1185/1190)
Giflet fis Do in the Sir Gawain and the Lady of Lys section of Wauchier of Denain’s First Continuation of Chrétien’s Perceval (AD 1195/1200)
Girflez in Païen/Pagan de Maisières’ La Demoiselle/Damoisele à la Mule, or La Mule sans/sanz Frein/Frain (late Twelfth/early Thirteenth Century AD)
Jaufré/Jaufre/Jaufri in Le Roman de Jaufré/Jaufre/Jaufri (AD 1170/1180/1225/1230)
Iofreit/Jofreit fils Idol in Wolfram von Eschenbach’s Parzival (AD 1200/1210)
Gifflet/Girfles li fieus Do in Le Livre d’Artus (early Thirteenth Century AD)
Gi(r)fle(t/s)/Giflez/Giftet/Gy(r)fle(s/t) le/li fil(s/z) Do(on)/Dos in Vulgate and Post-Vulgate Cycles (early Thirteenth Century AD)
Gerflet in Beroul’s Tristan (late Twelfth Century AD) and in the Norse Parcevals Saga (AD 1204/1263)
Gerflet li fius Do in Mériadeuc, or Le Chevalier aux/as Deux/Deus Épées/Espees (c AD 1225/1250)
Groflet in La Mort du Roi Arthur, or La Mort le Roi Artu (Thirteenth Century AD)
Girfle(s/z)/Girlflet li filz Do in Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose (AD 1225-1235, AD 1276)
Gifflet in Girart d’Amiens’ (Der Roman von) Escanor (c AD 1280)
Gyffroun in Ywain and Gawain (AD 1310/1340)
Giflés/Gifles li fius Do in Lybeaus/Libeaus Desconus (late Fourteenth Century AD)
Grifles in Henry Lovelich’s Merlin (c AD 1450)
Grimfles in Prose Merlin (AD 1450/1460)
G(r)if(f)let/Gifles/Gifflès/Gryf(f)let li fieus Do(u) in

Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

Compare with Gilfaethwy fab Dôn

“Sir Yder”

Sir Duke/King Y(e)d(e)(y)rn/Yde(r/s/t)/Yver/Ydier/Ydr(a/u)s/Hudos/(H)ide(r)(u)(s)/Idr(o)(u/e)s/Idur/Isder(nus)/Itiers/Ridek(/Malpirant)
Knight of the Sparrowhawk
In Welsh texts,

We learn only that he is son of Nudd, probably from Nod(ens)
Has two brothers named Owain and Gwynn
Is the leader of Arthur’s Danish warriors

Evidence suggests a widespread popularity of this hero before early Thirteenth Century AD, after which his character lost importance
First appears in Culhwch ac Olwen
The appearance of Yder on the Archivolt/Archivault of the Porta della Pescheria on the Modena Cathedral testifies as to his early fame
In Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Regum Britanniæ,

He fights
Wins honour
Perishes in Arthur’s war against Rome
Geoffrey gives him a son named Her

A passage, (almost certainly an interpolation) in William of Malmesbury’s Gesta Regum Anglorum, has a young Yder fight three giants on the mountain called Ranae or Brent Knoll

Arthur embarks with a troop to take care of the ravaging monsters, but Yder goes on ahead of the company and encounters them alone
He manages to slay all three giants, but is seriously wounded in the process
Arthur assumes Yder is dead and makes an endowment at Glastonbury for two dozen monks to pray for Yder’s soul

We next meet Yder in Chrétien de Troyes’ Érec et Énide

During a hunt, Guinevere and Erec come across Yder and his dwarf
Yder’s dwarf insults Guinevere and Yder does nothing about it
Intent on avenging the insult, Erec follows Yder to the town of Laluth, where Yder is the annual victor in a Sparrowhawk Tournament
Erec enters the tournament, defeats Yder, and sends him to Arthur’s court

In Wauchier of Denain’s First Continuation of Chrétien’s Perceval, he has a son named Yonet
In Raoul de Houdenc’s/Houdan’s La Vengeance Raguidel, he helps Gawain avenge the death of Sir Raguidel against Sir Guengasoain

While Gawain duels Guengasoain, Yder fights and slays Guengasoain’s bear, which foreshadows his similar deed in Le Romanz du Reis Yder
Yder marries Guengasoain’s daughter, Trevilonete

In Romanz du Yder (an anti-Arthurian tale),

A young Yder sets off on a quest for his vanished father, Nut
During the quest, he visits Queen Guenloie of Carvain and falls in love with her, but is dismissed from her court until he proves himself
He eventually joins Arthur’s court after saving the king from two Knights, but is disillusioned with Arthur’s behaviour and soon departs
Is Knighted by a king named Ivenant, and he receives a squire named Luguain from another nobleman
His further adventures again bring him into contact with Arthur, who, along with Kay, tries to murder him
He eventually finds his father, saves Guinevere from a bear, and slays two giants, thus proving himself to Queen Guenloie
Yder and the Queen marry at Arthur’s court, and Yder becomes a King himself
We must note that “Guenloie” is a variation of “Guinevere”, and that Yder is one of Guinevere’s rescuers on the Modena Archivolt

It has been suggested that in an early Breton story, Yder was Guinevere’s lover, occupying roughly the same role filled by Lancelot in French romance
There is an allusion to this romance in La Folie Tristan (de Berne)

In Erex Saga, his character is replaced by Malpirant
This story is related in (Geraint/)Gereint ac Enid) with identical circumstances
In Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin and (Of) Arthour and (of) Merlin,

“Yder of the Dolorous Mount” takes a different role (perhaps even a different character)
Named as King of Cornwall in the former and King of Nantes in the latter, he is one of the Kings to rebel against Arthur at the beginning of Arthur’s reign
After the battle of Bedegraine, in which Yder and his allies are defeated, Yder’s land is invaded, ravaged, and plundered by the Saxons
Several defeats against the Saxons lead Yder to swear fealty to Arthur
Saxons are soon crushed at Battle of Clarence
Yder goes on to serve Arthur in the Roman War and in war against Galehaut of Sorelois

Alliterative Morte Arthure and Malory name him as son of Yvain

Perhaps confusing his relationship to Owain from Welsh texts
He is only an incidental character in Malory, with no hint as to his popularity four hundred years earlier

(Tennyson returns him to his role as Geraint’s Sparrowhawk Tournament opponent

Adding that he was Enide’s cousin
Forces Enide’s father into poverty when he refuses to let Yder wed Enide
His death is placed at the battle of Camlann)

Appears in

Culhwch ac Olwen (Culhwch/Kilhwch and Olwen/Olwyn) (AD 990/1100)
The Archivolt/Archivault of the Porta della Pescheria on the Modena Cathedral (AD 1090/1120/1135/1140)
William of Malmesbury’s Gesta Regum Anglorum, or De Gestis Regum Anglorum ((On) Deeds of Kings of England/(the English),
or (The) Chronicle(s)/History of Kings of England) (AD 1125)
Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Regum Britanniæ (History of Kings of Britain), or De Gestis Britonum (Of Deeds of Britons) (AD 1136/1138/1139)
Robert Wace of Jersey’s Roman de Brut (Romance of Brutus, or A History of the British); or Geste des Bretons (Deeds of the British/Britons/Bretons);
or Brut d’Engleterre (Brutus of England); or Roman des Rois d’Angleterre (Romance of Kings of England) (AD 1155)
Chrétien de Troyes’ Érec et Énide (Geraint and Enid) (c AD 1170)
La Folie Tristan (de Berne) (The Madness of Tristan (of Berne)) (late Twelfth Century AD)
Wauchier of Denain’s First Continuation of Chrétien’s Perceval (AD 1195/1200)
Raoul de Houdenc’s/Houdan’s La Vengeance Raguidel
Breuddwyd/Breudwyt Rhonabwy (Dream of Rhonabwy) (late Twelfth/early Thirteenth Century AD)
Le Romanz du Reis Yder, or Roman de Yder, or Roman d’Yder (Romance of (the King) Yder) (AD 1210)
Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin (Story of Merlin) (AD 1220/1230s/1235)
Erex Saga (Geraint’s Saga) (second quarter of Thirteenth Century AD)
(Geraint/)Gereint ac Enid) ((Geraint/)Gereint and Enid) (Thirteenth Century AD)
(Of) Arthour and (of) Merlin ((Of) Arthur and (of) Merlin) (late Thirteenth Century AD)
Alliterative Morte Arthure (Alliterative Death of Arthur) (c AD 1400)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)
(Baron Alfred Lord Tennyson’s Idylls of the King)

“Sir Oswaín”

Sir Garra(v/d)ain(s)/Gas(o/w)(u)(a/s)(ze)in(s)/Guengaso(u)ain(s)/Guingasoain/Gor(v/n)ain(s)/Gornenis/(G)os(s)(e)na(i/y)(n/m)(s)/Gosangos/Osenaín/Ossenet/Osan(n)a(in)/Ose(v/l/n)ain/Os(o/u/w)aín/Osoman/Ozan(n)a/Suziano
d’-/von (E)strango(r)(r)(e/t)
de Tarmadoise
de Dragoz
Cadru(t/s/z)/Kadrus/(Cors Hard(i/y)(z))/(Corsa Hardy)/(Corps Hardi)/(Cuer Hardi)/((au/le) (Cœur(-)Hardi)/(Cure Hard(i/y)))/(Chore/(di Cuore) Ardito)

(of the Valiant Heart)/Braveheart/(the Bold)
((of) the (Hardy Heart)/Hardhearted)/(Hard(y) Body)/(Hardi of Hert)

of Castle Pantelion
Son of

King Quinados Braveheart in Guiron le Courtois section of Palamedes
Lady Largina, and either King Amorotto (Lamorak) of Listenois or King Esclabor (as his promiscuous and power-hungry mother was a lover of both of them at the same time), in La Tavola Ritonda

Nephew of King Aguissant (King Lot’s brother Angusel from Historia Regum Britanniae) in Raoulde Houdenc/Houdan’s La Vengeance Raguidel
In many works he is associated with the often similarly named Gawain of Orkney, being cast either as Gawain’s companion or opponent
In La Vengeance Raguidel,

Gawain and Yder attempt to avenge his murder of the knight Raguidel
Serves as the Knight of the Fay Enchantress Lingrenote, the Lady of Castiel sans Non (Castle without Name)

Who arms him with powerful enchanted weapons that make him near invincible
He is nevertheless defeated and killed by Gawain, who is helped by Yder (whom then marries Guengasoain’s daughter Trevilonete)

The plot of Méraugis de Portlesguez revolves around the protagonist Meraugis competing for the love of Queen Lidoine with his friend Gor(v/n)ain(s)/Gornenis Cadru(t/s/z)/Kadrus

Here, Gor(v/n)ain(s)/Gornenis Cadru(t/s/z)/Kadrus loses Lidoine to his rival
Ends up happily married to one of her maidens, Avice

In Vulgate Lancelot Propre,

He is noted as “very valorous and a good speaker”
Is involved in the adventures of Kay and others
He is with Gawain when they are both captured and imprisoned in the Dolorous Prison

Until their rescue by Lancelot
Who later frees him from Turquine’s captivity on another occasion

Assists Maleagant of Gore in the abduction of Queen Guinevere and is imprisoned by King Arthur after Lancelot’s rescue of her
He is later forgiven and fights for Arthur against King Rience
Becomes a Knight Errant, eventually participating in the Grail Quest

In Vulgate L’Estoire de Merlin and (Of) Arthour and (of) Merlin,

The young Gas(o/w)ain/Gosenain d’Estrango(r)(r)(e/t) fights alongside Gawain in the battles against the invading Saxons
His great feats earning him an early seat at the Round Table
When Gawain wrongly accuses him of treason, he gives Gawain a severe face wound in a trial by combat in front of King Arthur

In Le Livre d'Artus, Gosangos de Tarmadoise is

Guinevere’s early romantic lover
Gawain’s valiant enemy

In Diu Crône,

The Fairy Knight Gasozein de Dragoz arrives at King Arthur’s court
Where he single-handedly defeats three Knights of the Round Table while not wearing any armour
Falsely claims to be the first lover and rightful husband of Queen Guinevere
Unsuccessfully demands her to be “returned” to him
Gasozein later rescues the Queen from her brother Gotegrin, who wants to kill Guinevere for her infidelity
He kidnaps her in turn and nearly rapes her
Gawain arrives in time

Defeats Gasozein in a duel
Sends him back to Arthur to revoke his claim and join the Round Table
Gawain arranges Gasozein’s marriage with his own sister-in-law, Sgoidamur

He fought in Arthur’s wars against King Rions in Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin
In Hunbaut, Gorvain Cadrus of Castle Pantelion takes Gawain’s unnamed sister hostage
- Seeking vengeance against Gawain for the death of one of his relatives
- He is taken captive by Gawain
In Prose Tristan, he participates in the Grail Quest
In Les Merveilles de Rigomer,

Named as a knight of Arthur, travelling with Gawain
On a quest to conquer the Enchanted Castle of the Irish Queen Dionise

In La Tavola Ritonda,

He comes into service of the evil Lady Losanna (dela Torre Antica)/(of the Ancient Tower) after falling in love with her

He guards a bridge for the love of the Lady
Having slain its previous guardian (and Losanna’s fiancee), Lanfate

Is slain by Tristan protecting Losanna’s enemy Tessina from his attempt on her life

Malory lists him among the loyal Queen’s Knights defeated, captured, and imprisoned when Meleagant kidnapped Guinevere
Appears as

Garravain(s) d’Estrangot in Chrétien de Troyes’ Érec et Énide (Geraint and Enid) (c AD 1170)
Gasosin von Strangot in Hartmann von Aue’s Ere(c)(k) (Geraint) (c AD 1185)
Gasouains in Wauchier of Denain’s First Continuation of Chrétien’s Perceval (AD 1195/1200)
Guengaso(u)ain(s)/Guingasoain/Gasouains in Raoulde Houdenc/Houdan’s La Vengeance Raguidel (The Avenging of Raguidel) (late Twelfth/early Thirteenth Century AD)
Gor(v/n)ain(s)/Gornenis Cadru(t/s/z)/Kadrus in Raoulde Houdenc/Houdan’s Méraugis de Portlesguez (Meraugis of Portlesguez) (late Twelfth/early Thirteenth Century AD)
Gosenain/Gas(o/w)ain/Osenain(s)/Osanain/Osevain/Os(o/u/w)aín (Cors Hardi(z))/(Corsa Hardy)/(Corps Hardi)/(Cuer Hardi)/((au) Cœur-Hardi)/(Chore Ardito), d’Estrango(r)(r)(e/t) in Vulgate Cycle

In Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
In Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin (Story of Merlin) (AD 1220/1230s/1235)
Gas(o/w)ain/Gosenain d’Estrango(r)(r)(e/t) in Vulgate L’Estoire de Merlin (The History of Merlin) (AD 1220/1230s/1235)

Gosangos de Tarmadoise in Le Livre d’Artus (The Book of Arthur) (early Thirteenth Century AD)
Gasozein de Dragoz in Heinrich von dem Türlin’s Diu Crône (The (Bejewelled) Crown) (AD 1224/1230)
(Gosenain Hardy Body)/(Gosnayn de Strangot)/(Osenayn Cors Hardy)/(Osoman Hardi of Hert) in Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin (AD 1230/1240)
Osenaín in Guiron le Courtois section of Palamedes (c AD 1240)
Gorvain Cadrus of Castle Pantelion in Hunbaut (Thirteenth Century AD)
Ossenain/Osenaín/Ossenam/Ossenet/Oselain Cuer Hardi, d’Estrangot in Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose (Prose Tristan) (AD 1225-1235, AD 1276)
Garradains in Jehan’s Les Merveilles de Rigomer (The Marvels of Rigomer) (mid/late Thirteenth Century AD)
Gas(o/w)ain/Gosenain d’Estrango(r)(r)(e/t) in (Of) Arthour and (of) Merlin ((Of) Arthur and (of) Merlin) (late Thirteenth Century AD)
Suziano (di Cuore Ardito)/(of the Valiant Heart) in La Tavola Ritonda (AD 1325/1350)
Ozanna le Coeur Hardi in Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Ozanna le Cure Hardy in Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

Compare with Gwrvan/Gwrfan

Gwallt-avwy(n)/(hair like rain)
Gwallt-avwyn/Gwallt(-)af()wyn/(wild hair)/(hair like rain)
Gwallt-advwyn/(bright-hair)
Gwrfangwallt-advwyn/(fair hair)

“Sir Bleoberis”

§Sir Bliohleheris/Blihobleeris/B(ib)liob(l)(i)eris/Bliobleherin/Bleher(r)is/Bleo(bo)ris/Bleob(l)eris/Blyob(l)eris/Beleobus/Bleo(bery)s/Blubrys/Bleriz/Briobris/Pleherin/Pliopliheri/Brunoro
de/von Ganis/Gan(n)es/Ga(u)n(n)es/Bliriers (de la Deserte)/(of the Wastand)
Cousin of Lancelot as son of Nestor de Gaunes
Godson of King Bors
Brother of Blamo(u)r(e)
In Eilhart von Oberge’s Tristrant

Bleoberis is one of King Mark’s vassals
He dies when Tristan brutally hits him over the head with a club during an escape from Mark’s court

In Wolfram von Eschenbach’s Parzival

Orgeluse’s suitor boasts of slaying Bleoberis
Or just defeating him during a sparing match, according to an alternate interpretation

In Wirnt von Grafenberg’s/Gravenberg’s/Gravenberch’s Wigalois/Wizalois, one of Wigalois’ challenges is to defeat the fierce Bleoberis guarding the Perilous Ford
In Vulgate and works based on it, Lancelot eventually makes Bleoberis Duke of Poitiers for his part in saving Guinevere
In all three texts, Bleoberis participates in the Grail Quest

Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal
Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal
Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose

In all three texts

Le Livre d’Artus
Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin
(Of) Arthour and (of) Merlin

Bleoberis fights alongside his brother
For Arthur in wars against the rebel kings at Bedegraine
Against Saxons at Carmelide
Against King Claudas in the Wasteland

In Post-Vulgate Mort Artu

Bleoberis returns to Britain
Arrives at Salisbury after the battle
Destroys the corpse of Mordred
Builds the Tower of the Dead
Kills Arthur the Less in self-defence
At a hermitage, he joins Lancelot and the former Archbishop of Canterbury
He buries Lancelot’s body at Joyous Guard

In Tristan en Prose

Bleoberis abducts Segwarides’ wife from King Mark’s court
Fights Segwarides and then Tristan

In Malory

Bleoberis is Lord of Castle of Gannis
He and his brother live as monks with Lancelot and his kinsmen
Then they leave on a crusade and die together in battle in Jerusalem

Appears as

Bliobleheris in Chrétien de Troyes’ Érec et Énide (Geraint and Enid) (c AD 1170)
Pleherin in Eilhart von Oberge’s Tristrant (Tristan) (AD 1170/1190)
Bliobleherin in Hartmann von Aue’s Ere(c)(k) (Geraint) (c AD 1185)
Pliopliheri in Wolfram von Eschenbach’s Parzival (Perceval) (AD 1200/1210)
Bliobleris/Bleob(l)eris/B(ib)lioberis/Blihobleeris/Blyob(l)eris de Ga(u)n(n)es in Vulgate and Post-Vulgate Cycles

Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Le Livre d’Artus (The Book of Arthur) (early Thirteenth Century AD)
Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin (Story of Merlin) (AD 1220/1230s/1235)
Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1230/1240)
Post-Vulgate Mort Artu (Death of Arthur) (AD 1230/1240)

Bleos von Bliriers in Heinrich von dem Türlin’s Diu Crône (The (Bejewelled) Crown) (AD 1224/1230)
Blioblieris in Wirnt von Grafenberg’s/Gravenberg’s/Gravenberch’s Wigalois/Wizalois (Guinglain) (early Thirteenth Century AD)
Bl(e/i)(h/i)er(r)is in Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose (Prose Tristan) (AD 1225-1235, AD 1276)
Bleherris in (Of) Arthour and (of) Merlin ((Of) Arthur and (of) Merlin) (late Thirteenth Century AD)
Briobris in La Tavola Ritonda (The Round Table) (AD 1325/1350)
Bleoris in Henry Lovelich’s Merlin (c AD 1450)
Bleoberys/Bleoberis/Bleoboris/Bleoheris in Malory

Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

B(li)o(h/b)(e)r(i)s in Ulrich Füetrer’s Buch der Abenteuer (Book of Adventures) Part Two (AD 1484/1487)
Bleriz in P(r)ovest′ o Tryshchane, or Povest o Trištanu i Ižoti, or Trysčan (Romance of Tristan, or Romance of Tristan and Isolde, or Tristan) (c AD 1580)

[Known historical personages]

[Ble(d)heri(cu)s]
[Bled(d)ri ap Cadivor/Cedifor/Cydifor]

“King Urien”

§King Ur(i/y)en(s)/Urien(c)e/Uria(i)n/Urijan/Urjen/Vrien/Vrweyn
De/(of)/O (the land of) Gower/Gŵyr/Gor(r)e/(Degore/Tegyr)
Husband of Modron/(Morgan(a) le Fay)
Father of Owe(i)n/Owain/Yvain(e)/Uwain(e)/Ewain/Ivan, Yvain the Bastard, Morfudd, Rhiwallawn, Pasgen, Run, and Marine
He first appears as Arthur’s warrior in Culhwch ac Olwen

Son of Cynfarch and Nefyn
Brother of Efrddyl, Arawn, and Lleu
Father of Owain, Morfudd, Rhiwallawn, Pasgen, and Run
Welsh legend makes Owain Urien’s son by the Celtic Goddess Modron

Trioedd Ynys Prydein names Urien’s assassin as Llofan Severing Hand
Beginning with Vulgate Cycle,
- He becomes an antagonist to Uther and Arthur
- Descended from Joseph of Arimathea, Urien ruled the land of Gorre and the city of Sorhaut
- Urien goes to war with Uther over Gorre, and Uther is victorious
- Urien eventually reclaims the land, however, and appoints his nephew Bagdemagus to the throne
- When Arthur draws the sword from the stone, Urien refuses to accept Arthur as his overlord
- He joins King Lot and a number of other kings in a rebellion against Arthur
- In one source, he kidnaps Guinevere during the revolt
- Arthur defeats them at the battle of Bedegraine
- The kings have to cancel their rebellion when the Saxons invade their lands
- After experiencing several defeats against the Saxons,
- Urien swares fealty to Arthur and marries Morgan le Fay, Arthur’s half-sister
- He has two sons named Yvain and Yvain the Bastard
- Urien participates in Arthur’s war against Rome
- His death is not described in Vulgate romances
In Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Regum Britanniæ

Urien was the brother of Loth (Lot) and Angusel, but most later legends make the three unrelated except by marriage
He is King of Moray
Urien is Arthur’s supporter
He assists the king in his campaigns against Gaul and Rome

Most variations to Urien’s Vulgate character involve giving him different kingdoms

In Heinrich von dem Türlin’s Diu Crône, his land is called Lof
In Mériadeuc,

He is the King of Scotland
Becomes Steward of Wales upon marrying Orwen, the sister of King Meriadoc of Wales

In Palamedes, he conquers Ireland
In Claris et Laris, he has a daughter named Marine
(In Tennyson’s Idylls of the King, he invades the land of King Leodegan, his brother, taking the role of King Rions from Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin)

Appears in

(pseudo-)Nennius’/Nemnuuis’/Ninnius’/Nemnius’ Historia Brittonum (History of Britons) (AD 828/829/830)
Culhwch ac Olwen (Culhwch/Kilhwch and Olwen/Olwyn) (AD 990/1100)
Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Regum Britanniæ (History of Kings of Britain), or De Gestis Britonum (Of Deeds of Britons) (AD 1136/1138/1139)
Robert Wace of Jersey’s Roman de Brut (Romance of Brutus, or A History of the British); or Geste des Bretons (Deeds of the British/Britons/Bretons);
or Brut d’Engleterre (Brutus of England); or Roman des Rois d’Angleterre (Romance of Kings of England) (AD 1155)
Layamon’s Brut (Brutus, or The Chronicle of Britain) (AD 1209/1215)
Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Trioedd Ynys Prydein/Prydain (Triads of British Isle, or Welsh Triads) (Eleventh/(late Thirteenth)/Fourteenth Centuries AD)
Le Livre d’Artus (The Book of Arthur) (early Thirteenth Century AD)
Heinrich von dem Türlin’s Diu Crône (The (Bejewelled) Crown) (AD 1224/1230)
Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin (Story of Merlin) (AD 1220/1230s/1235)
Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin (Continuation of Merlin, or The Merlin Continuation) (AD 1230/1240)
Mériadeuc, or Le Chevalier aux/as Deux/Deus Épées/Espees (Meriadoc, or The Knight of the Two Swords) (c AD 1225/1250)
Palamedes (c AD 1240)
Claris et Laris (Claris and Laris) (AD 1268)
(Of) Arthour and (of) Merlin ((Of) Arthur and (of) Merlin) (late Thirteenth Century AD)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)
(Baron Alfred Lord Tennyson’s Idylls of the King)

[Known historical personages]

[King Urien/Urbgenius/Orobogenius/Orian ap Kynfarch/Cynfarch/Cynvarch Oer/Gul/(the Cold/Dismal) of North Rheged]

Born AD 490/530
Brother to Arawn/Auguselus and Llew/((Lleu)ddun Luyddog)/Lot of Lothian
Possibly husband of Modron, then later possibly of Morgan le Fay
Father of Owe(i)n/Owain and Morfudd, and possibly of Rhiwallon and Rhun, and even possibly of Elfin, Pasgen, and Arawn
Ruled from Caer Ligualid (Carlisle), AD 570/572 to AD 592
Died AD 570/590/593
A number of early Welsh poems glorify his various victories without connecting him to Arthur
In Nennius,

He is mentioned as one of the kings who continued the battle against the Angles in the North
Was assassinated by King Morcant (Morgant)

[King Gwrgan(t)/Gwrcantus/Gurgantius/Fergus Fawr/Mawr/Magnus/(the Great) of Ergyng/Erging/Ernyng of South Rheged]

Possibly also known as Urbgennius/Urianus
Son of Cynfyn Brenin Glafrog (and a daughter of Custenin) ap Peibio/Pebiaw Glafro(g)/Gladrog/Claforawg ap Erb
Born AD 489/494/503/504/510/515/517/519/520/580/586/596/600/645 in Ergyng/Glywysing, Glamorgan/Gwent, Wales
Husband of Ninoca (?ap Cynfyn?)
Father of Onbrawst, Caradog/Caradoc, Morgan, and possibly of an Owain and a Morfudd
Died AD 520/550/645

Astrological Sign Associated with Urience - Cancer — Moon-/+ — Water

“Sir Cardok (Caradoc Short-Arm)”, “King Carados”, “Caradawg Strong-Arm”, and “Lord Caradoc of the Dolorous Tower”

§Sir Car(a/o)d(o/a)(c/s)/Caradawg/Caradog/Cardok/Car(r)(a)do(s)/Crad(d)oc(k)(e)/Carahues/Kar(a/o)d(o/a)s/Karadu(e)(s/z)/Karad(a/i)n/Karadues/Garedas
Vreichvras/Freichfras/Briefbras/Breichbras/(((the) Strong/Stout/Short(-)) Arm(ed))/(the Keen))
Most likely separate as

Caradawg (Breichbras)/(Strong-Arm)

Son of Llyr of the Sea
Father of Cawrdaf
Arthur’s chief advisor in Welsh legends
He rides a horse named Host-Splitter
Said to be Arthur’s first cousin, but Llyr is never said to be related to Eigyr (Igerne) or Uther
He is adapted by French writers as Caradoc Shortarm

Sir Cardok (Carado(c/s)/Garedas/Karadin/Karadues Vreichvras/Freichfras/Briefbras/Short-Arm, heir to King Caradoc of Nantes, Earl of Cirencester)

An Arthurian knight who first appears in Robert Biket’s (Le) Lai du Cor
Known best through Le Livre de Caradoc, an interpolation in Wauchier of Denain’s First Continuation of Chrétien’s Perceval

Relates that Caradoc is the heir to King Caradoc of Nantes
Is actually the son of Caradoc’s wife Ysave and a sorcerer named Elïavrés, with whom Ysave had an affair

He is awarded knighthood at Arthur’s court
Accepts a challenge from a mysterious stranger to engage in a Beheading Game:

Each will take a swipe at the other’s head
The one left standing will win
Caradoc goes first, and chops off his opponent’s head
But the stranger carefully picks up his severed head and secures it upon his neck again
When the stranger’s turn comes, he refrains from decapitating Caradoc, revealing himself to be Elïavrés, Caradoc’s true father

Caradoc establishes a reputation as the best of Arthur’s Knights through a series of quests

The rescue of the maiden Guignier from the Knight Alardin
He makes it a personal duty to punish his adulterous parents
     — Locks his mother in a tower
     — Publicly humiliates Elïavrés
     — In response, Elïavrés casts a spell upon Caradoc which attaches a deadly snake to his arm
     — Guignier and her brother Cador helps him avoid death
               By luring the serpent away from Caradoc to Guinger
               Then killing it as it goes from one host to the other (a remedy prescribed by Elïavrés after Caradoc and Cador shame it out of him)
     — Caradoc marries Guinger, who becomes his faithful wife as proven by a chastity test at Arthur’s court
               This test forms the subject matter of Biket’s romance and several later chastity test tales
               Biket contends that Arthur grants Caradoc the Earldom of Cirencester as a reward for his wife’s fidelity

Caradoc explains that his surname, Briefbras (‘shortarm’), derives from the fact that his arm is left shortened by the serpent that for a time was attached to it

Likely the writer of the story simply mistranslates Breichbras (‘strongarm’), the surname of the Welsh character Caradawg
Another Caradoc Shortarm appears in Vulgate Cycle as King of Estrangorre
Other than the similarity in names, the characters have nothing obvious in common

King Carados

(King) (of) Car(r)ados/Carahues/Carodac/Carodas/Carodoc of Scotland
(King) Karados/Carados of Estrangor(re)
King Caradoc/Carados/Karadan Short-Arm of Galencie
Appears first in Lancelot do Lac, and his story is expanded by Vulgate Cycle and Malory
He is the father of King Aguisant of Scotland
Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin says that he marries one of Arthur’s half-sisters
Although in another source, he is named as Arthur’s nephew and is married to Queen Catanance of Ireland
Is a Knight during Uther’s reign

He revolts against Arthur when the young king first comes to power
After Caradoc (with the other rebellious leaders) are defeated by Arthur at Caerleon and Bedegraine
— His land is invaded by Saxons
— He has to swear fealty to Arthur in order to expel them

Later, as a Knight again, he fought in Arthur’s wars against

Rome
King Claudas
King Mark of Cornwall
Lancelot
Mordred

At the battle of Salisbury, he joins in combat with Mordred’s King Heliades, and each is mortally wounded
Though he bears the same name (and the same etymology) as Caradoc Shortarm of First Continuation of Chrétien’s Perceval, his character shows no other obvious similarities

Lord Car(a/o)d(o/a)c/Car(r)(a)do(s)/Carahues/Carodas/Crad(d)oc(k)(e)/Kar(a/o)d(o/a)s/Karaduz of the Dolorous Tower

The giant evil Lord of the Dolorous Tower, where he lived with his mother
Testifying as to his popularity as one of the earliest Arthurian villains, Caradoc appears in a sculpture on an archivolt of a cathedral in Modena, Italy

On the sculpture, he seems to serve a Lord Mardoc of the Dolorous Tower
Is involved in a kidnapping of Arthur’s Queen Winlogee (Guinevere)
He is apparently slain by Gawain during the Queen’s rescue

In French romance,

He is son of Aupatris or Mitrides
Father of Karakadin
He is variously called
     — “the Cruel”
     — “the Great”
     — “the Huge”
In contrast to the scene on the Modena relief, Caradoc is an autonomous Lord
He imprisons dozens of good knights, including Gawain and Yvain, which prompts Arthur to declare war
Caradoc’s forces hold Arthur at the Wicked Pass, but Lancelot presses through and engages Caradoc in single combat
A Lady named Floree, whom Caradoc has imprisoned, hands Lancelot a magic sword during the fight, and Caradoc is slain
His brother, Tericam the Impenetrable, gives Arthur and Lancelot similar trouble

Malory tells a subdued version of Caradoc’s story

Naming him as a Knight whom Lancelot defeated
After catching him in the process of kidnapping Gawain

The name “Caradoc” enjoys extensive proliferation throughout French Arthurian romances

The name is Welsh in origin and is represented in Welsh Arthurian literature as Caradawg
A number of other giants or tyrants recall the character of Caradoc of the Dolorous Tower
— Carado(c/s) the Thirteenth, in La Tavola Ritonda
— Kar(e/i)dos, in Der Pleier’s Tandareis und Flordibel

King of Nantes — may be confused with

City of Nauntes
King Nentres/Nantes of Garlot(h)/Garloc

Sometimes listed as

Knight Caradoc the Younger
King Caradoc the Elder

Separate in Malory as

Sir Cardok
King (of) Carados of Scotland
King Nentres of Garlot(h)

“Caradawg Strong-Arm” appears in

Breuddwyd/Breudwyt Rhonabwy (Dream of Rhonabwy) (late Twelfth/early Thirteenth Century AD)
Trioedd Ynys Prydein/Prydain (Triads of British Isle, or Welsh Triads) (Eleventh/(late Thirteenth)/Fourteenth Centuries AD)
(Geraint/)Gereint ac Enid) ((Geraint/)Gereint and Enid) (Thirteenth Century AD)

“Sir Cardok (Caradoc Short-Arm)” appears in

Robert Biket’s (Le) Lai du Cor ((The) Lay of the Horn) (mid/late Twelfth Century AD)
Chrétien de Troyes’ Érec et Énide (c AD 1170)
Le/Du Mantel/Manteau Mautaillié/(Mal Taillé), or Lai (du) Co(u)rt Mantel, or Li/Le Romanz/Lay de/du Cort Mantel (The Ill-Fitting Cloak) (AD 1190s, or later)
Wauchier of Denain’s First Continuation of Chrétien’s Perceval (AD 1195/1200)
Heinrich von dem Türlin’s Diu Crône (The (Bejewelled) Crown) (AD 1224/1230)
Möttuls/Skikkju Saga ((The) Saga of the Mantle/Cloak) (Thirteenth Century AD)
The Boy and the Mantle (Sixteenth Century AD)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

“King Carados” appears in

Lancelot do Lac (Lancelot of the Lake) (AD 1215/1220)
Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Vulgate Mort(e) Artu (Death of Arthur) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin (Story of Merlin) (AD 1220/1230s/1235)
(Of) Arthour and (of) Merlin ((Of) Arthur and (of) Merlin) (late Thirteenth Century AD)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)
(Baron Alfred Lord Tennyson’s Idylls of the King)

“Lord Caradoc of the Dolorous Tower” appears in

The Archivolt/Archivault of the Porta della Pescheria on the Modena Cathedral (AD 1090/1120/1135/1140)
Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

[Caratācos/Καράτακος/Cara(c)tacus/Car(a)tacas/Καρτάκης/Cama(a)lis/Caratawc/Caradog/Karadeg is a known historical personage]

Ap Cynfelyn/Cymbeline/Cunobelin(us) ap Tasciovanus ap (L(l)ud(d) (Llaw))/Nudd/((Nudd Llaw)/(Addedomaros) (Ereint/Erient))/Nod(ens)
Born AD 10/15
Chieftain of the Catuvellauni
King of the Britons
Reigned AD 43 to AD 50
Died after AD 50 (AD 54)

“Sir Sagramor(e)”

Sir Segramo(u)r(s)/Segremore(s)/S(e)ig(r)amor(e)/Seigremor/Sag(a)r(a)mo(u)r(e)/Sa(i)gremo(i)r(e)(t)(s)/Sacremors/Sogremor/Sygramors
(Le/the) (Desree/Desirous)
The (Impetuous/Hothead/Unruly/Rash)
The Orange
Of the Desert
Son of

A daughter of Emperor Hadrian of Constantinople and the King of Vlask and Hungary, in Vulgate Cycle
Nabur the Unruly, in Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin

Brother of

Clarie, in Renaut/Renaud/Renals de Bâgé/Beaujeu/Biauju’s Le Bel Inconnu
Dinas, in (La) Vendetta (Che fe Messer Lanzelloto de la Morte) di (Miser) Tristano

Marries Queen Sebile, in Je(h)an Froissart’s Méliador
Sagremor is an ubiquitous Knight who first appears in Chrétien de Troyes’ Érec et Énide
- As a knight who fought alongside Érec
- At the Tenebroc tournament.
Renaut/Renaud/Renals de Bâgé/Beaujeu/Biauju’s Le Bel Inconnu, or Li Biaus Descouneüs gives him a sister named Clarie
According to Wolfram von Eschenbach’s Parzival,

Sagremor was very skilled
Had to be physically restrained to keep him from attacking knights at random

Sagremor is given a full life story in Vulgate Cycle
- Born to the daughter of Emperor Hadrian of Constantinople and the King of Vlask and Hungary
- Is raised in Byzantium as heir to the Eastern Roman Empire
- When his father dies, his mother marries the British King Brandegorre of Estrangorre
- When Sagremor is fifteen,
- Arriving in Dover, he immediately engaged a Saxon army led by King Oriel outside Camelot
- The youths joined Arthur’s company and Sagremor was knighted by Arthur
- He continued his service to Arthur in the wars against
- In one adventure, he rescued a maiden named Senehaut
- He becomes the champion of Queen Sebile of Sarmenie,
- He had a number of other unremarkable adventures as a Knight
In Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin,

He is the son of Nabur the Unruly
Is Mordred’s foster-brother

In Manessier’s Third Continuation of Chrétien’s Perceval,

He rescues the Castle of Maidens
From a besieger named Tallidés of the Marsh

In Gerbert/Gilbert de Montreuil’s Fourth Continuation of Chrétien’s Perceval, his brothers are the bishops of Limor and Lumeri
According to Les Merveilles de Rigomer,

He raped an Irish princess named Qrainglaie
Twenty years later, was killed by his son begotten on that occasion

In (La) Vendetta (Che fe Messer Lanzelloto de la Morte) di (Miser) Tristano, he has a brother named Dinas
Je(h)an Froissart says he marries Queen Sebile
Cantare di Astore e Morgana makes him a close friend of Tristan
In Malory,

He is a somewhat inferior Knight
Who is defeated after bullying or brashly attacking knights such as Marhaus, Lancelot, Palamedes, Meleagant, and Tristan

Appears in

Chrétien de Troyes’ Érec et Énide (Geraint and Enid) (c AD 1170)
Chrétien de Troyes’ Cligès (c AD 1176)
Renaut/Renaud/Renals de Bâgé/Beaujeu/Biauju’s Le Bel Inconnu, or Li Biaus Descouneüs (The Fair Unknown) (AD 1185/1190)
Wolfram von Eschenbach’s Parzival (Perceval) (AD 1200/1210)
Robert de Boron’s Didot(-)Perceval, or Romance of Perceval in Prose, or Prose Perceval (AD 1200/1220/1230)
Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Vulgate Mort(e) Artu (Death of Arthur) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin (Story of Merlin) (AD 1220/1230s/1235)
Manessier’s Third Continuation of Chrétien’s Perceval (c AD 1230)
Gerbert/Gilbert de Montreuil’s Fourth Continuation of Chrétien’s Perceval (c AD 1230)
Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin (Continuation of Merlin, or The Merlin Continuation) (AD 1230/1240)
Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1230/1240)
Jehan’s Les Merveilles de Rigomer (The Marvels of Rigomer) (mid/late Thirteenth Century AD)
(La) Vendetta (Che fe Messer Lanzelloto de la Morte) di (Miser) Tristano ((The) Revenge/Vengeance (taken by Sir Lancelot for the Death) of (Sir) Tristan) (Fourteenth Century AD)
Je(h)an Froissart’s Méliador (AD 1361/1369)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Cantare di Astore e Morgana (Sing of Hector de Maris and Morgan le Fay) (second half of Fifteenth Century AD)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

“Sir Br(e)unor the Black, The Knight of the Ill-Fitting Coat”, “Sir Br(e)unor(o) the Brown”, “King Brunor the Black”, and “Sir Branor the Brown”

Sir Bruin/Br(e)unor(o)/Branor(o)/Brewnor/Brxnor
Most likely separate as

Sir Br(e)unor le/the Noir(e)/Black, (Lacotemale)/(La Cote Mal(e)) (Tayle)/(Tail(l)(i)(é)(e))/(the (Badly-Shaped)/(Ill-Fitting) Coat)

Son of King Brunor le Noir, Bon Chevalier sans Peur (Good Knight without Fear)
Brother of Dinadan and Daniel(lo)
He undertakes a quest with Lancelot in Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose and Malory
As Le Vallet à la Cote Mal Tailliée (The Knight of the Ill-Fitting Coat),

He is listed among Arthur’s knights in
     — Renaut de Bâgé’s Le Bel Inconnu
     — Gauchier of Donaing’s Second Continuation of Chrétien’s Perceval
     — Jehan’s Les Merveilles de Rigomer
Is the subject of a now lost French romance (surviving as a fragment) called Le Vallet à la Cote Mal Tailliée
— He arrives at Arthur’s court but is rejected for a place in Arthur’s service
— After the Knight departs, Gawain speaks in his favour and sends a courier to bring him back
Given the style of similar romances
— In the original, the messenger fails to convince the Knight of the Ill-Fitting Coat to return
— Spurring Arthur to send a group of knights after him
The Knight would have then
     — Defeated Arthur’s Knights
     — Embarked on a series of adventures
     — Proven his merit
     — Returned to find an open seat at the Round Table
His original story, modified, is inserted into Tristan en Prose
In La Tavola Ritonda
— He hates Lancelot because Lancelot slays his brother, Daniel(lo)
— The two Knights fight to a draw at the castle Dusbergo
‘The Knight of the Ill-Fitting Coat’ has a chapter in Malory’s “Book of Tristan”, expanded from the shorter version in Tristan en Prose
     — When he first arrives at Arthur’s court wearing his misshapen coat, Kay scoffs at him
     — The coat had belonged to Brunor’s murdered father (Good Knight without Fear), and Brunor has vowed to wear the coat until his father’s death is avenged
     — Arthur knights him, and he soon proves his merit by rescuing Guinevere from a lion that has escaped from the king’s menagerie
     — Kay humiliates him by arranging for Brunor’s first joust to be with Daguenet, Arthur’s fool
     — Responding to the request of the Ill-Speaking Maiden, Arthur sends Brunor to avenge the death of a Knight in Sorelois
     — He is miserably defeated in joust against Bleoberis and Palamedes along the way, but it turns out that Brunor only lacks skill in joust
     — On foot, he slays a dozen Knights at Castle Orguellous
     — He befriends Lancelot (in contrast with La Tavola), who rescues him from the Castle Pendragon
     — Together, they go to Sorelois and defeat six brothers named Playne de Fors, Playne de Amors, Plenorius, Pillounes, Pellogris, and Pellandis, completing the quest
     — On the return to Camelot, Lancelot evicts Brian of the Isles from Castle Pendragon and gives the fortress to Brunor
     — Brunor marries the Ill-Speaking Maiden, whose name he changes to Beau Vivant
     — Arthur eventually promotes him to the Round Table

Sir King Brunor le/the Noir/Black, Bon Chevalier sans Peur (Good Knight without Fear)

Son of Esclanor
Father of Dinadan and Sir Br(e)unor le Noir(e)
Is known as a great Knight in his day, and Uther Pendragon awards him the Realm of Estrangorre for his valour
Among his many adventures, he journeys to the valley of Servage to rescue his friend, Ludinas of North Wales, from a giant called Nabon the Black

He defeats Nabon’s son Nathan
Is betrayed by a maiden
Is imprisoned in Nabon’s prison
Where he goes mad
He is eventually freed by Tristan
Recovers his senses with the help of Baucillas, the King’s Doctor

A story in Il Novellino relates how Good Knight without Fear told his own soldiers, who do not recognise him

That King Meliadus of Lyoness, his mortal enemy, is a better Knight than he
For this “insult”, he is seised by his own troops
Only to be rescued by Meliadus

He is eventually murdered

As an old man
By two knights named Ferrant and Briadan

Sir Branor the Brown, Dragon Knight, Knight of the Dragon

A famous Knight of Uther Pendragon’s table, hailed in Palamedes
Son of Ellain the Brown
Brother of Bruhalt and Hector
Uncle of Segurant the Brown
When he is about 120 years old,

He visits Arthur’s court
Defeats almost all of Arthur’s knights in joust, including
     — Arthur
     — Lancelot
     — Palamedes
     — Gawain

The episode is recounted in Ho Presbys Hippotes, though Branor is not named

Sir Br(e)unor(o) lo Bruno (the Brown), the Old Knight, of Castle Pluere

An Irish Knight
Galehaut’s father in Tristan en Prose and Malory
He conquers Castello del Proro (Chastel des Pleurs, Castle Pleure, Castle of Tears, or Weeping Castle) from a giant named Mago
Marries the Beautiful Giantess, the dead giant’s wife
Brunor upholds the custom of the castle, which involves the murder of visiting knights and their ladies
- If the Knights are not as powerful as the Lord
- The Ladies are not as beautiful as the castle’s Lady
- Galehaut deserts his father because of this custom
- Tristan and Isolde stumble upon the island on their way from Ireland and are imprisoned
- In the subsequent combat, Tristan kills Brunor and then, because Isolde is the most beautiful, slays the Beautiful Giantess
- Galehaut seeks to avenge his father’s death but is defeated

“Sir Br(e)unor le Noir(e), Le Vallet à la Cote Mal Tailliée” appears in

Renaut/Renaud/Renals de Bâgé’s/Beaujeu’s/Biauju’s Le Bel Inconnu, or Li Biaus Descouneüs (The Fair Unknown) (AD 1185/1190)
Gauchier of Donaing’s Second Continuation of Chrétien’s Perceval (c AD 1200)
Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1230/1240)
Palamedes (c AD 1240)
Le Vallet à la Cote Mal Tailliée (The Knight of the Ill-Fitting Coat) (Thirteenth Century AD)
Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose (AD 1225-1235, AD 1276)
Jehan’s Les Merveilles de Rigomer (The Marvels of Rigomer) (mid/late Thirteenth Century AD)
La Tavola Ritonda (The Round Table) (AD 1325/1350)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

“King Brunor le Noir” appears in

Palamedes (c AD 1240)
Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose (AD 1225-1235, AD 1276)
Il Novellino (The Tales), or Cento Novelle Antiche (Hundred Old Tales) (c AD 1300)

“Sir Branor the Brown” appears in

Palamedes (c AD 1240)
Ho Presbys Hippotes (The Old Knight) (c AD 1300)

“Sir Br(e)unor(o) lo Bruno” appears in

Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose (AD 1225-1235, AD 1276)
Tristano Riccardiano (Riccardian Tristan) (late Thirteenth Century AD)
Conti di Antichi Cavalier(i) (Tales of the Knights of Old) (late Thirteenth Century AD)
La Tavola Ritonda (The Round Table) (AD 1325/1350)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)
(I) Due Tristani ((The) Two Tristans) (AD 1555)

“Sir Erec, Geraint, Sir Harry le Fyse (the Son of Lake)”

§Sir (H)erec(h)/Heret/Érec/Er(é/e)s/Erex/Eric/Errak(e)/Arrake/Arecco/Arech/Arrok/Geraint/Gereint/Garaunt/Gerontius/(Old Man)/(Harry/Garry le (Fise/Fyse/Fitz/Fils) Lake)
Ap/(son of)

King Lac, as Érec le Fils Lac (Erec, the Son of Lac)
Erbin, as Geraint
King Ilax, as Erex
Lake, as Harry le Fyse

Most famous as the protagonist, Érec, in Chrétien de Troyes’ first romance, Érec et Énide, later retold in Hartmann von Aue’s Ere(c)(k) and other versions

Because of Erec and Enide’s connection to the Welsh Geraint and Enid, Erec and Geraint are often conflated or confused
Erec’s name itself may be derived from Guerec, the Breton version of Gweir, the name of several of Arthur’s warriors and relatives in the different early Welsh tales
In Chrétien’s story, Erec meets his future wife Enide while on a quest to defeat a knight who had mistreated one of Queen Guinevere’s servants
The two fall in love and marry, but rumours spread that Erec no longer cares for knighthood or anything else besides his domestic life
Enide cries about these rumours, causing Erec to prove his abilities, both to himself and to his wife, through a test of Enide’s love for him
Erec has her accompany him on a long, tortuous trip where she is forbidden to speak to him, after which they reconcile
When Erec’s father Lac dies, Erec inherits his kingdom

In Ulrich von Zatzikhoven’s Lanzelet,

Erec and Gawain agree to be delivered as prisoners to the great wizard Malduc (whose father was killed by Erec)
So that Guinevere can be rescued from King Valerin’s castle
They are then tortured and almost starved to death in Malduc’s dungeon,
Until they are eventually themselves rescued
Additionally, Erec saves Bors from Mabuz/Mabon

Enid is entirely absent from the Prose Erec part of the Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin, in which Erec’s mother’s enchantment makes him immune to magic
In Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal, Erec is slain by Gawain in revenge for the death of Yvain of the White Hands, and does not regain his father’s kingdom
His seat at the Round Table is taken by his friend Meraugis, who had buried him
Erex Saga gives him two sons, named Llac and Odus, who later both become kings
The story of Erec and Enide is also retold within Tristan en Prose
He also has a cousin named Driadam, whose death begins Erec’s feud with the young Mordred
In Alliterative Morte Arthure, Erec dies during the final battle between the forces of Arthur and Mordred
In Malory,

When Lancelot and Guinevere were accused of treason,

Harry/Garry le Fyse/Fitz/Fils Lake pledges his support to Lancelot
Helps Lancelot rescue of Guinevere from the stake

Corruption of the French (H)erec le Fils Lac (Erec, son of Lac)

Geraint of the South
One of the Three Seafarers of the Isle of Britain
“Geraint” appears in

(A)neirin/Aneurin of the Votadini’s Y Guotoðin (The Gododdin: The Votadini) (c AD 600)
(Chwedyl) Gereint/Geraint mab/vab/fab/fil(ius) Erbin ((Legendary) Gereint/Geraint, son of Erbin) (Ninth/Tenth/Eleventh Century AD, originally c AD 480)
(Geraint/)Gereint ac Enid) ((Geraint/)Gereint and Enid) (Thirteenth Century AD)
(Baron Alfred Lord Tennyson’s Idylls of the King)

“Erec” appears in

Chrétien de Troyes’ Érec et Énide Geraint and Enid (c AD 1170)
Hartmann von Aue’s Ere(c)(k) (Geraint) (c AD 1185)
Ulrich von Zatzikhoven’s Lanzelet (Lancelot) (c AD 1200)
Wolfram von Eschenbach’s Parzival (AD 1200/1210)
Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin (Continuation of Merlin, or The Merlin Continuation) (AD 1230/1240)
Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1230/1240)
Erex Saga (Geraint’s Saga) (second quarter of the Thirteenth Century AD)
Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose (AD 1225-1235, AD 1276)
Alliterative Morte Arthure (Alliterative Death of Arthur) (c AD 1400)

“Harry le Fyse” appears in

Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

[Geraint ap Erbin is a known historical personage]
Compare with Guerec/Gweir

“Sir Hector de Maris (of the Fens)”

Sir ((H)ector de)/(Ectorde)/((H)estor(e)(ro) de(s))/(Jastor de)/(Astor(r)(e) di) Mar(e/a)(is)/Mare(s)/Marus/Marys
Son of King Ban and Lady de Maris
Younger half-brother of Lancelot
Bors and Lionel are his cousins
His name means Hector of the Fens (form used in Vulgate Cycle)
Should not be mistaken for Sir Ector (Hector)

Father of Kay
Foster Father of Arthur

Hector’s adventures are many and wide-ranging, especially within Vulgate and Post-Vulgate Cycles
In Vulgate Lancelot Propre,

Hector fights against the Saxons and saves his relative Elaine the Peerless
He is successful at tournaments, prevailing against such esteemed knights such as Palomedes and Perceval
Hector is one of the knights defeated and imprisoned by Turquine before being rescued by his half-brother Lancelot
He later returns the favour by finding the lost Knight of the Lake after Lancelot’s period of insanity and returning him to the court
During the time when Lancelot is missing, Hector is one of the best knights of Arthur, second only to Bors, as ranked by King Bagdemagus asked by Arthur
Hector has a long relationship with Lady Perse of the Narrow Borderland after saving her from a forced marriage
He also has an affair with a cousin of the Lady of Roestoc prior to reuniting with Perse

As told in Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin,

Hector is an illegitimate son of King Ban of Benoic,
who, magically helped by Merlin, fathered him with Lady de Maris
He is raised by his maternal grandfather Agravadain the Black, Lord of the Castle of the Fens

In Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal,

His friendship with Gawain turns into the hatred following Gawain’s killing of Erec
Hector participates in the great Grail Quest, during which his companions besides Gawain include Arthur the Less and Meraugis
Like most others, Hector is proven unworthy of achieving the sacred relic
Nevertheless, he helps the Grail hero Galahad to destroy the Castle of Treachery

The appearance of the Grail revives him and Perceval
After the two mortally wounded each other

In Post-Vulgate Mort Artu and Malory,

When Lancelot is caught in his affair with Guinevere, Hector stands by his half-brother and leaves court with him
He becomes one of the top leaders of Lancelot’s faction,

Participating in the battle to rescue Guinevere at her would-be execution
Subsequent defence of Lancelot’s castle Joyous Guard

Hector accompanies Lancelot in France when they are expelled from Arthur’s kingdom,

before later returning to Britain to help defeat the Saxon army aided by Mordred’s sons
after the Battle of Camlann (Salisbury)

He then joins his brother at the Archbishop of Canterbury’s hermitage, and later dies on a crusade in the Holy Land

As Astor(r)(e) di Mar(e/a)(is), he is the eponymous protagonist of Cantare di Astore e Morgana

In which he becomes Morgan’s seemingly invincible demon-knight minion known as Estorre
After being first cured by her of his wounds
Then falling under her evil spell, until he is defeated and saved by Galahad

Appears in

Lancelot do Lac (Lancelot of the Lake) (AD 1215/1220)
Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Vulgate Mort(e) Artu (Death of Arthur) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin (Story of Merlin) (AD 1220/1230s/1235)
Manessier’s Third Continuation of Chrétien’s Perceval (c AD 1230)
Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin (Continuation of Merlin, or The Merlin Continuation) (AD 1230/1240)
Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1230/1240)
Post-Vulgate Mort Artu (Death of Arthur) (AD 1230/1240)
Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose (AD 1225-1235, AD 1276)
Stanzaic Le Morte Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Fourteenth Century AD)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Cantare di Astore e Morgana (Sing of Hector de Maris and Morgan le Fay) (second half of Fifteenth Century AD)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

“Sir Dodinel”

Sir Dod(i/y)na(u)s/Dôdînes/Dodine(i)s/Dodinia(u)s/Dodin(e)al(s)/Do(n)d(i/o)nel(lo)/Dodynel(l)/Dondi(j)el/D(i/o)d(o)(i)ne(s)/Do(n)d(i/a)n(i)(e)(a)(u)(l)x/Dinodes/Daudiniaus/Dedinet/Oddinello/Lionel
((le/the) (Sa(u)va(i)ge(s))/Salvage(s))/Salvaje/(the/der Wild(e)/Wildman/Fierce)

Due to a love of hunting
Or because he lives in the wilds (in Ulrich’s Lanzelet, he has a home near the perilous Shrieking Marsh)

A Knight first mentioned in Chrétien de Troyes’ Érec et Énide
In Wolfram von Eschenbach’s Parzival, Dodinel has a brother named Taurian the Wild.
In Robert de Boron’s Didot(-)Perceval, he is called son of Lady of Malehaut
Vulgate Lancelot Propre and Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin give him a full biography:

Son of King Belinant of South Wales and Belinant’s niece
Participates in wars against Saxons in early days of Arthur’s reign, joining young warriors Gawain and Yvain
Is knighted by Arthur for his service

Becomes one of Queen’s Knights
Before he is promoted to Round Table

His adventures consist primarily of various imprisonments:

Dolorous Guard
Castle Langree
Forbidden Hill
Meleagant’s Castle

He is rescued from most of these by Lancelot

In Post-Vulgate Mort Artu, Dodinel perishes during battle against Mordred’s army at Salisbury Plain
Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose and Malory give him an impotent role as a Knight defeated by Morholt and Tristan (for making fun of him)
In (I) Cantari di Carduino,

He dies at the hands of Gawain’s brother, Aguerisse (Gareth or Gaheris)
His death is avenged by his son, Carduino

In (Li) C(h)antari di Lancel(l)otto, Dodinel joins Mordred and Kay in accusing Lancelot and Guinevere of treason
Appears in

Chrétien de Troyes’ Érec et Énide (Geraint and Enid) (c AD 1170)
Ulrich von Zatzikhoven’s Lanzelet (Lancelot) (c AD 1200)
Wolfram von Eschenbach’s Parzival (AD 1200/1210)
Robert de Boron’s Didot(-)Perceval, or Romance of Perceval in Prose, or Prose Perceval (AD 1200/1220/1230)
Lancelot do Lac (Lancelot of the Lake) (AD 1215/1220)
Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin (Story of Merlin) (AD 1220/1230s/1235)
Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1230/1240)
Post-Vulgate Mort Artu (Death of Arthur) (AD 1230/1240)
Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose (Prose Tristan) (AD 1225-1235, AD 1276)
(I) Cantari di Carduino ((The) Songs of Carduino) (c AD 1370)
(Li) C(h)antari di Lancel(l)otto (The Songs of Lancelot) (late Fourteenth/early Fifteenth Century AD)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

“Sir Bedivere”

Sir Bed(i/e)ver(e)/Bed(e)wer(e)/Belvidere/Bedu(i)er(e)(s)/Beduvius/Bédoier/Bed(o)uer/Bedios/Bed(o)i(i)er(s)/Bed(w)(y)(v)(e/a)r(e)(s) Bedrydant
The Marshal
Master of the Horse
Cup-Bearer of Arthur’s Court
Count of Neustria
Ap/(son of) Pedrod
In Culhwch ac Olwen (Culhwch/Kilhwch and Olwen/Olwyn),

Bedwyr is one-handed (three warriors could not shed blood faster than he on the field of battle)

Perhaps an echo of Welsh God Lludd/Nudd Llaw Eraint/Ereint/Arian (Lludd Silver Hand), son of Beli Mawr
And/or of Irish God Nuada Airgetlám (Nuada Silver Hand)

His lance would produce a wound equal to those of nine opposing lances

Appears in

Culhwch ac Olwen (Culhwch/Kilhwch and Olwen/Olwyn) (AD 990/1100)
Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Regum Britanniæ (History of Kings of Britain), or De Gestis Britonum (Of Deeds of Britons) (AD 1136/1138/1139)
Robert Wace of Jersey’s Roman de Brut (Romance of Brutus, or A History of the British); or Geste des Bretons (Deeds of the British/Britons/Bretons);
or Brut d’Engleterre (Brutus of England); or Roman des Rois d’Angleterre (Romance of Kings of England) (AD 1155)
Chrétien de Troyes’ Érec et Énide (Geraint and Enid) (c AD 1170)
Le Romanz du Reis Yder, or Roman de Yder, or Roman d’Yder (Romance of (the King) Yder) (AD 1210)
Layamon’s Brut (Brutus, or The Chronicle of Britain) (AD 1209/1215)
Lancelot do Lac (Lancelot of the Lake) (AD 1215/1220)
Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin (Story of Merlin) (AD 1220/1230s/1235)
(Geraint/)Gereint ac Enid) ((Geraint/)Gereint and Enid) (Thirteenth Century AD)
Stanzaic Le Morte Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Fourteenth Century AD)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)
King Arthur’s Death (Sixteenth Century AD)
(Baron Alfred Lord Tennyson’s Idylls of the King)

Compare with

Nodens
Lludd/Nudd Llaw Eraint/Ereint/Arian (Lludd Silver Hand)
Nuada Airgetlám (Nuada Silver Hand)
Mars

Astrological Sign Associated with Bedivere - Aquarius — Saturn+ — Air

“Sir Gaheris of Orkney”

Sir Gaher(i/s)s/Guerrehes/Ga(he/r)riés/Gariens/Gaher(e/i/j)(i/e)t/Gaharyet/Galeres/Galerot/Gadriet/Gwal(c)hafed/Gwalhauet/Gwalhavet/Gaciés/Agavez/Ahariés/Caherihés/K(a/e)her(i)et/Waheriés/Walgabetius
of Orkney
Son of

King L(i)ot(h)(/Lliaws?)/Leudonus/(Lludd + Lleu) Luwddoc/Luyddog/(of the Host)/Lludd/Nudd (of Lothian and Orkney) and Queen Anna/Morgause/Margawse/Belisent
Anthonje and the King of Gritenland, in Der Pleier’s Meleranz
Llew/Lleu and Gwyar
Gwyar

Brother of

Gawain
Agravain
Gareth
Mordred

The earliest form of his name (Gaheriet)

Similar to the earliest form of Gareth (Guerrehet)
The two brothers may have originally been the same character

Chrétien de Troyes’ Perceval is the first to mention him, although scholars have suggested a derivation from the Welsh Gweir
In Wolfram von Eschenbach’s Parzival, he is a cousin rather than a brother to Gawain
Vulgate Cycle is the first to give Gaheris a series of his own adventures, which are expanded in Post-Vulgate and Malory

In Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin,

He has a prowess that rivals or exceeds Gawain’s
Defects with Gawain and his brothers from Lot’s court to Arthur’s
Battles hordes of Saxons along the way

In Post-Vulgate and Malory,

He arrives at Arthur’s court as Gawain’s squire and serves his brother in his first quests
Malory says that he married Damsel Lynet

Arthur eventually knights him
He enjoys a number of adventures, some of which were prophesied by a madman at Arthur’s court named Marins

Freed his brothers from Lord Sorneham of Newcastle
Liberated Gawain and Morholt from the Rock of Maidens
Killed a giant named Aupatris
Befriended Perceval
Supported Tristan against King Mark of Cornwall

Sometimes quarrels with his brothers Agravain and Mordred, who lacked his nobility
His noble deeds were offset by a number of regrettable murders,

Of King Pellinore, who killed King Lot
Of his own mother Morgause, when he finds her in bed with Pellinore’s son Lamorat
Of Lamorat himself

In the slaying of Pellinore and Lamorat, he is joined by Gawain
Gaheris unsuccessfully attempts to dissuade Mordred and Agravain from exposing the affair between Lancelot and Guinevere
Dutifully stands guard when Guinevere is to be burned at the stake
As Lancelot rescues Guinevere, he kills Gaheris and Gareth, prompting Gawain’s hatred for Lancelot
Appears in

Chrétien de Troyes’ Perceval, or Le Conte del Graal (Perceval, or The Story/Tale of the Grail) (AD 1176/1180/1190/1191)
Wolfram von Eschenbach’s Parzival (AD 1200/1210)
Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin (Story of Merlin) (AD 1220/1230s/1235)
Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin (Continuation of Merlin, or The Merlin Continuation) (AD 1230/1240)
Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1230/1240)
Post-Vulgate Mort Artu (Death of Arthur) (AD 1230/1240)
Der Pleier’s Meleranz (AD 1240/1270)
(Of) Arthour and (of) Merlin ((Of) Arthur and (of) Merlin) (late Thirteenth Century AD)
Stanzaic Le Morte Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Fourteenth Century AD)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

Compare with

Pryderi
Gwri
Guerec/Gweir

“Sir Agravain”

Sir Ag(g)(a)r(r)ava(i)n(e/o)/Agreuein/Agrafrayn/Egrefayn/Engrevain(s)/Gefferen/Geffreyn/Griffayn
The Arrogant/Proud
of Estrangot
Son of

King L(i)ot(h)(/Lliaws?)/Leudonus/(Lludd + Lleu) Luwddoc/Luyddog/(of the Host)/Lludd/Nudd (of Lothian and Orkney)
And Queen Anna/Morgause/Margawse

Brother of

Gawain
Gaheris
Gareth
Mordred

First mentioned by Chrétien de Troyes, he has a minor role in Perceval
His character is expanded in Vulgate Lancelot Propre

He accompanies his brothers when they abandoned their father for service with Arthur
Fights against the Saxons
Knighted by Arthur
Serves the King in Gaul and Saxony
He liberates the prisoners of Hill of Wretches

In Je(h)an Froissart’s Méliador,

He courts and marries Florée
A princess from Scotland

In Malory,

Becomes a major figure as one of the instruments of Arthur’s downfall
Marries Laurel, a niece of his sisters-in-law

Portrayed as an egotistical, proud, and uncourtly Knight with a misshapen body, Agravain resents any honourable and brave warrior
Yet he is considered handsome and skilled at arms, but he lacks knightly virtues such as mercy and compassion
Is ignoble toward women, and quarrelsome with his own brothers
His misdeeds include

Participation in the murder of Lamorat
Slaying of Dinadan during the Grail Quest, with his brother Mordred
Abduction of King of North Wales’ daughter

During which he is terribly wounded
Is cured with the blood of Gawain and Lancelot

His greatest offense is wrought near the end of Arthur’s reign

Conspires with Mordred to expose the affair between Lancelot and Guinevere
When Arthur is away from court, the two brothers rouse a band of Knights and capture the lovers in flagrante delicto in Guinevere’s chambers

Is slain by Lancelot

At the ensuing battle outside Guinevere’s room
or when Lancelot rescues Guinevere from execution
or at Siege of Joyous Guard

Appears in

Chrétien de Troyes’ Perceval, or Le Conte del Graal (Perceval, or The Story/Tale of the Grail) (AD 1176/1180/1190/1191)
Lancelot do Lac (Lancelot of the Lake) (AD 1215/1220)
Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Le Livre d’Artus (The Book of Arthur) (early Thirteenth Century AD)
Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin (Story of Merlin) (AD 1220/1230s/1235)
Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin (Continuation of Merlin, or The Merlin Continuation) (AD 1230/1240)
Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1230/1240)
Post-Vulgate Mort Artu (Death of Arthur) (AD 1230/1240)
La Tavola Ritonda (The Round Table) (AD 1325/1350)
Stanzaic Le Morte Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Fourteenth Century AD)
Je(h)an Froissart’s Méliador (AD 1361/1369)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

Compare with

Gwri Wallt Euryn (Gwri of the Golden hair)
Pryderi fab Pwyll

“Sir Lionel”

Sir King Lionel(l)(o)/Lyonell de/of Gannis/Ga(u)nnes/Gaul
Son of King Bors/Bohort of/de Gaul/Gaunnes/Gannis
Brother of Bors the Younger
(Duuble-)Cousin of Lancelot
Named after a lion-shaped birthmark

Which is fated to disappear once Lionel has slain the Crowned Lion of Libya
A feat he accomplishes shortly after achieving knighthood

First recorded in Vulgate Cycle,

He is a double cousin of Lancelot
Cousin of Lancelot’s younger half-brother Hector de Maris

Also the subject of a traditional ballad
When their father dies in battle against King Claudas,

Their mother, Queen Evaine, flees to a nunnery
Sir Pharien, one of their father’s servants, raises the young princes until Claudas discovered their existence
Lionel and Bors spend a short time in Claudas’ care before they were rescued by Sariade, a servant of the Lady of the Lake
Raised in her otherworldly kingdom alongside her foster-son Lancelot

When Lionel comes of age, the Lady sends him to Britain to become Lancelot’s squire
Like Bors and Lancelot, Lionel becomes a Knight

Arthur eventually knights him
Proves himself in heroic deeds

He has numerous adventures with his brother and cousin, includng his fight against the Crowned Lion
One day, while travelling with Lancelot as a young man,

Lionel is captured by the rogue knight Turquine
Who whips him with briars and throws him in the dungeon

The scenario repeats itself later while he is on the Quest for the Holy Grail,

Where he proves very unworthy of the blessed object
By trying to kill his brother for not rescuing him

Bors had seen Lionel getting beaten with thorns and led away,

But had to make a decision to save either him
Or a young girl being dragged in the opposite direction

He saves the girl, and fears Lionel dead
But Lionel escapes, and attacks Bors the next time they meet
Bors proves himself worthy of the Grail

When he refuses to fight back
Lionel kills a hermit and Calogrenant
When they try to protect Bors from his wrath

Before Lionel can strike his brother, God (in a pillar of fire or lightning) intervenes and immobilises him
Lionel forgives Bors, who departs to find the Grail
Lionel and the rest of his family follow Lancelot into exile when the affair with Queen Guinevere is exposed
Pledges his support to Lancelot and helps him rescue Guinevere from the stake
Participates in the battles against King Arthur
In return for his support, Lancelot makes him King of Ga(u)nnes (France)
After the Battle of Camlann (Salisbury), Lancelot’s family returns to Britain to defeat the remainder of Mordred’s forces
Lionel dies

In Vulgate Mort(e) Artu, he is slain during Lancelot’s war with Mordred’s sons
Post-Vulgate says that Melehan, Mordred’s young son, slays him
Stanzaic Le Morte Arthur says he is killed during Lancelot’s war against Arthur
Malory says that Lionel is slain by disillusioned citizens of Logres after Arthur’s death

Bors avenges his death
His symbolic namesake, Lyonnel, appears in the quasi-prequel Perceforest

There, he is an ancestor of both Lancelot and Guinevere as well as Tristan
Who had lived in the time of King Alexander (Alexander the Great)

Appears in

Lancelot do Lac (Lancelot of the Lake) (AD 1215/1220)
Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Vulgate Mort(e) Artu (Death of Arthur) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Manessier’s Third Continuation of Chrétien’s Perceval (c AD 1230)
Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin (Continuation of Merlin, or The Merlin Continuation) (AD 1230/1240)
Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1230/1240)
Post-Vulgate Mort Artu (Death of Arthur) (AD 1230/1240)
Stanzaic Le Morte Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Fourteenth Century AD)
Alliterative Morte Arthure (Alliterative Death of Arthur) (c AD 1400)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

“Sir Lucan”

Sir Lucan(((e)(re))/s/t)/Luca(m/s)/Luc(an)us/Lukyn
Le/Li/The/de/of Boute(i)llier/Botiller/Buttelere/Butler
The Wine Steward
The Good
Mighty-Hand
A Servant of King Arthur
Son of Duke Corneus
Brother of Bedivere
Cousin of Griflet
Earliest mention is in Chrétien de Troyes’s Érec et Énide
He and his relatives are among King Arthur’s earliest allies in the war against the rebel kings
Remains loyal to Arthur throughout his life
Lucan takes on the post of Royal Butler,

A significant position in charge of the royal household
As such he is in charge of the royal court, along with Bedivere the Marshal and Kay the Seneschal

Lucan fights for Arthur’s right to the throne at the Battle of Bedegraine and against subsequent rebellions
He is also known to always attend the royal tournaments
In most accounts of Arthur’s death in the romance literature, from Vulgate Cycle to Malory (Thirteenth to Fifteenth Centuries AD),

Lucan is one of the last knights at the king’s side at the Battle of Camlann
Usually the last of them to die

Lucan remains loyal to King Arthur throughout the schism with Lancelot, and on occasion acts as a negotiator between them
Similarly, he stays by the monarch’s side during Mordred’s rebellion

Tries to dissuade Arthur from his final attack on his son/nephew
Is unsuccessful and the king becomes fatally wounded

Worried about looters roaming the battlefield, Lucan and either Griflet or Bedivere attempt to move the dying Arthur into a nearby chapel for safety,

The strain is too much for Lucan
His old wound bursts open, spilling out his bowels
Killing him just before Excalibur is returned to the Lady of the Lake

Though the Knight whom Arthur asks to cast the sword into the lake is

Girflet/Griflet/Gifflet in Vulgate and Post-Vulgate Cycles (early Thirteenth Century AD)
A nameless squire in La Tavola Ritonda (AD 1325/1350)
Bedwyr/Bedivere in Stanzaic Le Morte Arthur (Fourteenth Century AD), Alliterative Morte Arthure (c AD 1400), and Malory
Yvain in Sir Thomas Grey’s Scalacronica (AD 1355/1363)
Gawain(e) in The Parlement of the Thre Ages (mid/late Fourteenth Century AD)

King Arthur’s Death (Sixteenth Century AD) ascribes this duty to Lucan
Appears in

Chrétien de Troyes’ Érec et Énide (c AD 1170)
Wauchier of Denain’s First Continuation of Chrétien’s Perceval (AD 1195/1200)
Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Vulgate Mort(e) Artu (Death of Arthur) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin (Story of Merlin) (AD 1220/1230s/1235)
Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1230/1240)
Post-Vulgate Mort Artu (Death of Arthur) (AD 1230/1240)
(Of) Arthour and (of) Merlin ((Of) Arthur and (of) Merlin) (late Thirteenth Century AD)
Stanzaic Le Morte Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Fourteenth Century AD)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)
King Arthur’s Death (Sixteenth Century AD)

Compare with

Llwch Llenlleawg
Lloch Llawwynnyawc/Llawwynnyawg/Llawynnog

“Sir Bor(r)e/Boh(a/o)rt, Sir Loho(l)t, Llach(a/e/l)u(e)”

Sir Bor(r)e/Boh(a/o)rt/Loüt/Lohut/(Lo)hoot/Lohoth/Loho(l)(o)t/Loho(l)z/Loez/Llach(a/e/l)u(e)
(Le Cure Hardy)/(The Hardhearted/Braveheart)
Ap/(son of) King Arthur
Most likely the same person with a name that “evolved” over time

Llach(a/e/l)u(e)

Son of Arthur in Welsh legends
Is one of his father’s warriors and advisors
Appears in Chrétien de Troyes as Loholt
The Welsh storytellers consider him powerful and fearless
An early Welsh poem, Mi a Wum, otherwise known as Ymddiddan Gwyddno Garanhir ac/a Gwyn fab/ap Nudd, contains the passage:

“I have been where Llacheu (Llachau) was slain,

son of Arthur, marvelous in songs,

when ravens croaked over blood.”

Loüt/Lohut/(Lo)hoot/Lohoth/Loho(l)(o)t/Loho(l)z/Loez(/Illinot)

A Knight who is King Arthur’s son
He is derived from the Welsh Llach(e/a)u
His mother:

In Vulgate Cycle, she is Lady Lisanor
In Perlesvaus and Ulrich’s Lanzelet, he is the proper son of Guinevere
     — Ulrich tells us that he is handsome, noble, skilled and a great asset to his father
               He helps Arthur and his knights rescue Guinevere from her abductor, Valerin
               Ulrich contends that he accompanies Arthur to an otherworld location (Avalon, in other texts) from which they both will return
     — In Perlesvaus,
               He kills a giant named Logrin in the Perilous Forest
               Goes to sleep on top of the giant’s body, as is his custom
               Kay finds him in this state and murders him, claiming credit for the giant’s death himself
               The murder is later exposed, and Guinevere dies from sorrow

Vulgate Lancelot Propre tells us that he dies from a disease he contracts in the Dolorous Prison
Malory changes and separates him imto

Sir Boh(a/o)rt le Cure Hardy
Sir Bor(r)e

Loholot is probably identical to Wolfram von Eschenbach’s Ilinot

Bor(r)e/Boh(a/o)rt

In Malory, the illegitimate sons of King Arthur and Lisanor as

Sir Boh(a/o)rt le Cure Hardy
Sir Bor(r)e

He becomes a Knight of the Round Table
In earlier sources, his name is Loholt or some variation of it

“Llach(a/e/l)u(e)” appears in

Mi a Wum (?Me and Wum?), otherwise known as Ymddiddan Gwyddno Garanhir ac/a Gwyn fab/ap Nudd (The Dialogue of Gwyddneu/Gwyddno Garanhir and Gwyn ap Nudd) (Tenth/Eleventh Century AD)
Breuddwyd/Breudwyt Rhonabwy (Dream of Rhonabwy) (late Twelfth/early Thirteenth Century AD)
Trioedd Ynys Prydein/Prydain (Triads of British Isle, or Welsh Triads) (Eleventh/(late Thirteenth)/Fourteenth Centuries AD)

“Loho(l)t” appears in

Chrétien de Troyes’ Érec et Énide (Geraint and Enid) (c AD 1170)
Ulrich von Zatzikhoven’s Lanzelet (Lancelot) (c AD 1200)
Wolfram von Eschenbach’s Parzival (AD 1200/1210)
Perlesvaus, or Le/Li Hauz Livre(s) du Graal (The High Book(s)/History of the Grail) (AD 1192/1205/1220/1225)
Lancelot do Lac (Lancelot of the Lake) (AD 1215/1220)
Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin (Story of Merlin) (AD 1220/1230s/1235)

“Bor(r)e/Boh(a/o)rt” appears in

Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

“King Bagdemagus”

§Sir King Ba(g/l)demagu(s)/Ba(u/n)demagu(s/l))/Baeddan/Bademaguz/Bagom(m)edés/Baldemagu(s)/Bandemagu(s)/Bangdemagew/(Bando de Magus)/(Bando di Mago)/(Bano of Magoç)/Brandymagus/Poydiconjunz of Gor(r)e
King of Gor(r)e
Father of Meleagant
Has brothers named Tarsan and Donadix
Is a cousin of Arthur
Cousin or nephew of King Urien, from who he inherits his kingdom
His first appearance and origin is as Baeddan (possibly conflated with the name of another character) in Culhwch ac Olwen
In Chrétien de Troyes’ Lancelot, he prevents his son from mistreating the kidnapped Guinevere
He makes a brief appearance in Gauchier of Donaing’s Second Continuation of Chrétien’s Perceval as a Knight whom Kay hangs by his feet from a tree
Vulgate and Post-Vulgate Cycles expound upon his character

Vulgate places him in the role of antagonist to Arthur:

Bagdemagus’ land is ravaged by Uther Pendragon

When Uther dies
He decides to repopulate it with Uther’s former subjects
Any person who strays into Gorre is forced to stay

He joins his uncle Urien’s rebellion against Arthur

Eventually forming a tentative peace
Only when necessary to expel the Saxons

He then allies with Galehaut of Sorelois and opposes Arthur again
Grows more benign with age, and objects to his son’s careless activities, including the kidnapping of Guinevere
When his son is killed, Bagdemagus bears no ill will toward Lancelot
His friendship with the Knight leads to a position at the Round Table

Post-Vulgate presents Bagdemagus as a young companion of Gawain and Yvain

Long before he becomes King of Gorre, he is Knighted by Arthur and serves the King
Is furious when Tor is elevated to the Round Table ahead of him, and he departs Camelot intent on proving his worth (even against Knights of the Round Table)
He encounters Merlin, imprisoned in his tomb, and brings news of his fate back to Knights searching for the enchanter
Eventually, he reconciles with Arthur and is promoted to the Round Table

In Stanzaic Le Morte Arthur,

He survives the Grail Quest
Joins Lancelot’s defection from Arthur’s court

Malory says

Bagdemagus hates Lancelot and plots, with Sir Galehaut, to kill him
Plan goes awry when the two knights attack Tristan by mistake
Bagdemagus embarks on the Grail Quest with the others, but he is soon wounded after taking a shield meant for Galahad
Later, he comes upon Mordred raping a maiden, and he wounds him in the subsequent combat

Gawain, seeking to avenge his brother’s wound, and not knowing the identity of the knight who wounds him, chases after Bagdemagus and challenges him to combat
Bagdemagus is mortally wounded in the subsequent duel
Gawain laments when he discovers Bagdemagus’ identity, and Bagdemagus forgives him before dying
Gawain has him buried in a hermitage

In other adventures,

Bagdemagus sleeps with the wife of King Pellinore, for which Pellinore binds him, beats him, and leaves him for dead
He is rescued by Gaheris
Fights for Arthur in wars against King Claudas
Participates in several tournaments

Appears in

Culhwch ac Olwen (Culhwch/Kilhwch and Olwen/Olwyn) (AD 990/1100)
Chrétien de Troyes’ Lancelot, or Le Chevalier de la Charrete (Lancelot, or The Knight of the Cart) (c AD 1135)
Gauchier of Donaing’s Second Continuation of Chrétien’s Perceval (c AD 1200)
Lancelot do Lac (Lancelot of the Lake) (AD 1215/1220)
Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin (Story of Merlin) (AD 1220/1230s/1235)
Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin (Continuation of Merlin, or The Merlin Continuation) (AD 1230/1240)
Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1230/1240)
(Of) Arthour and (of) Merlin ((Of) Arthur and (of) Merlin) (late Thirteenth Century AD)
Stanzaic Le Morte Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Fourteenth Century AD)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

[Baudewyn Magnus, son of Tadius (Theodorus), is a known historical personage]

“Sir Meliant of Lis”, “Sir Meliant of Dianarca”, and “Sir Fiers von Arramis”

Sir King M(e/i)l(l)(e)(i)a(u)(n)(s/t/z)/Mellienderis/M(e/i)l(l)(i/j)an(s/z)/Mel(y/i)a(n/s)(s/t)(/Fiers von/of Arramis)
King of/de Lis/Liz/Li(s)le
de/of Danemarche/Denmark/Dianarca
Ap/(son of)

Baeddan
King of Denmark

Not to be confused with Tristan’s father Meliadus, who is sometimes known as Melias
Seems to be separate as

M(e/i)l(l)(i/j)a(u)(n)(s/t/z) of/de Lis/Liz/Li(s)le

According to Chrétien de Troyes and Wolfram von Eschenbach, the King of Lis is one of Arthur’s Knights

He was raised by a Lord named Tiebaut or Lyppaut
He fell in love with his foster-father’s daughter, Obie
When Obie rejected his love, Meliant became enraged and declared war on Lyppaut, summoning many knights ‘including his uncle Bagdemagus and his cousin Meleagant’ to his aid
Gawain joined Lyppaut’s defense
Gawain captured Meliant in the battle and made him the prisoner of Obie’s sister Obilot
Obilot, in turn, gave him to her sister
Meliant and Obie reconciled, and the war was ended
Later, as an ally of Arthur, Meliant was captured in a battle at the castle of Logres

In Perlesvaus, we learn that Meliant’s father, the Lord of the Waste Manor, was killed by Lancelot

Here, Meliant is presented as an antagonist to Arthur who harbors hate for all of Arthur’s court
He joined forces with Brien of the Isles and Kay, who were at war with Arthur
Meliant was mortally wounded by Lancelot at the battle of Pennevoiseuse

Vulgate Lancelot Propre credits him with being one of only five men to ever cross the perilous North Wales Bridge into Sorelois
King Arthur appoints him to the Round Table,

Later Melians sides with Lancelot in the civil war in Vulgate Mort(e) Artu
In reward for his support, including his role in the rescue of Guinevere, Lancelot makes him an Earl ruling one of Lancelot’s domains on the continent

Malory calls him Melias de Li(s)le

Mel(e/i)agant(e)/Mel(y/i)a(n/s)(s/t) de/of Danemarche/Denmark/Dianarca

In Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal,

Melians de Danemarche (Denmark, Dianarca) is a squire of Galahad, who knights him during the Grail Quest
Later, Sir Melians joins Bors and Percival at Castle Corbenic at the end of the quest

In Le Livre d’Artus, he marries Florée/Floree,

Daughter of King Alain of Escavalon
Gawain’s lover

Fiers von/of Arramis in Heinrich von dem Türlin’s Diu Crône

A knight, whose first name means “proud”, bears a griffin’s claw as his symbol
Engaged to Lady Flursensephin of Sorgarda Castle, where Fiers is expected to win a tournament
When Flursensephin quarrels with her little sister Quebeleplus, the latter asks Gawain to defeat Fiers
Gawain does so, and compels Fiers to surrender to the little girl

“Meliant of Lis” appears in

Chrétien de Troyes’ Érec et Énide (c AD 1170)
Chrétien de Troyes’ Perceval, or Le Conte del Graal (AD 1176/1180/1190/1191)
Wolfram von Eschenbach’s Parzival (Perceval) (AD 1200/1210)
Perlesvaus, or Le/Li Hauz Livre(s) du Graal (AD 1192/1205/1220/1225)
Lancelot do Lac AD 1215/1220
Vulgate Lancelot Propre (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Vulgate Mort(e) Artu (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

“Meliant of Dianarca” appears in

Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Le Livre d’Artus (early Thirteenth Century AD)

“Fiers von Arramis” appears in Heinrich von dem Türlin’s Diu Crône (AD 1224/1230)
There are multiple other Arthurian characters by this name

In Perlesvaus, an explicitly villainous Meliant is an enemy Lord of Arthur,

Allied with the traitorous Kay
He is eventually killed by Lancelot who had previously also slain his evil father

In Vulgate Lancelot Propre, Carados of the Dolorous Tower takes Melyans le Gai’s wife as his mistress
Vulgate Estoire del Saint Grail has Meliant as an ancestor of Gawain (and himself descended from Peter, an early Christian follower of Joseph of Arimathea)
Meliant (Brano in La Tavola Ritonda) is a relative of King Faramon’s daughter Belide when she falsely accuses Tristan of rape in Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose

“King Ban”

Sir King Ban(e)(s)/(leader)/Ban(d)o/Liban/Pant de/of Benwyck/Benwick/Benoic/Benoyc/Gomeret/(Gen(n)ewis)
Father of Lancelot of the Lake and Hector
Son of King Lancelot
Brother of King Bors of Gannes (Gaul or Gascony), Guineba(l/u)(t) of Castle Charroie, and Nestor of Gannes
Husband of Elaine
His earliest existing appearance is found in Chrétien’s Lancelot, though he probably appeared in the archetypal Lancelot romance (now lost) on which Chrétien’s story and Vulgate Lancelot Propre are based
Roger Sherman Loomis argues for a derivation from Welsh King Bran, particularly since Ban of Benoic recalls Bran the Blessed, whose French name would be Bran le Benoit
Chrétien calls him the King of Gomeret, but he is more widely known, through Vulgate Lancelot and Malory, as King of Benoic in France
Grail histories trace his lineage to Nascien, Joseph of Arimathea’s companion
As allies (or subjects) of Arthur, Ban and his brother Bors helps Arthur

Repel Saxons
Quell a rebellion led by several British rulers
Win war against Rome

In return, Arthur assists the brothers against their mortal enemy, King Claudas of Land Laid Waste
During his adventures with Arthur, Ban is caused to fall in love (by Merlin) with daughter of Lord of Castle of the Fens, who gives birth to Hector
After crushing Claudas at Battle of Trebe, Arthur becomes involved with another British insurrection, with the result that Claudas launches a successful invasion of Benoic
Ban embarks for Arthur’s court to ask for assistance, but when he sees Claudas burning his beloved city of Trebe behind him, he dies of heartbreak
Lancelot, who is still an infant, is carried away by the Lady of the Lake, and Ban’s wife retires to a nunnery
Lancelot later returns with Arthur and drives away Claudas
Ulrich von Zatzikhoven’s Lanzelet, that uses the form Pant, describes the King as a tryant who is overthrown and slain by his own barons
This characterisation of Ban is also found in Le Livre d’Artus
Baud(u)in(s) Butor(s)’ four rough drafts

Makes Ban Arthur’s grand uncle by naming the wife of Constantine (Arthur’s grandfather) as Ban’s sister Ivoire
Gives Ban a daughter (with Lady Sabe) named Libanor

Appears in

Chrétien de Troyes’ Lancelot, or Le Chevalier de la Charrete (Lancelot, or The Knight of the Cart) (c AD 1135)
Ulrich von Zatzikhoven’s Lanzelet (Lancelot) (c AD 1200)
Lancelot do Lac (Lancelot of the Lake) (AD 1215/1220)
Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Le Livre d’Artus (The Book of Arthur) (early Thirteenth Century AD)
Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin (Story of Merlin) (AD 1220/1230s/1235)
Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin (Continuation of Merlin, or The Merlin Continuation) (AD 1230/1240)
Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1230/1240)
(Of) Arthour and (of) Merlin ((Of) Arthur and (of) Merlin) (late Thirteenth Century AD)
Baud(u)in(s) Butor(s)’ four rough drafts (c AD 1290)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

“Sir Galahad”

*High Prince Sir Gala(h)ad/Galahallt/Galade/Galat(h)/Galaç/Galas(so)/Galeas/Galea(tt/zz)o/Galeotto/(Gwalhaved/Gwalhafad/Gwalchafed/Gwalcheved/(Hawk of Summer) ap Gwyar)
The (Chaste)/(Good Knight)
One of the three Virgin Knights
Son of

(Lancelot of the Lake)/(Lanslod Lak) and Elaine
Llew/Lleu and Gwyar
Gwyar

Appears in

Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Estoire del Saint Grail (History of the Holy Grail), or L’Estoire de Merlin (The History of Merlin), or Prose Merlin (AD 1220/1230s/1235)
Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1230/1240)
Post-Vulgate Mort Artu (Death of Arthur) (AD 1230/1240)
Perceforest (Pierce the Forest) (AD 1330/1344)
La Tavola Ritonda (The Round Table) (AD 1325/1350)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Cantare di Astore e Morgana (Sing of Hector de Maris and Morgan le Fay) (second half of Fifteenth Century AD)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)
The Legend of King Arthur (Sixteenth Century AD)
(Baron Alfred Lord Tennyson’s Idylls of the King)

Astrological Signs Associated with Galahad

Sagittarius — Jupiter+ — Fire
Ophiuchus — Sun, Moon, Venus, Mercury, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn — Fire, Water, Earth, Air
Pisces — Jupiter- — Water
Virgo — Mercury- — Earth

“The Sir Morholt”

Sir (An/The) Marhaus/Marha(u)lt/Moraunt/Mor(h)olt/Morold/Amoroldo/Amurat/Lamoroyt/Lamorath
d’/de/du-/of

Ireland/Irlande/Yrlant/-rlanth
the Iron Mace

Son of

Norhot in Perceforest
Dillianfer in La Tavola Ritonda
Marhalt in Malory

Morholt’s son

In French romance, he is named Golistant
Italian romance calls him Amoroldo

In many versions, Morholt’s name is prefaced with a definite article (“The” Morholt) as if it were a rank or a title,

But few scholars have found any reason for this
Perhaps he was originally a “sea monster”
morholt is Norwegian for motherholt
mor + holt could mean sea + hidden place
The Lombardian lamoroyt and Latin lamorath (taken from Scots Gaelic)

Could mean la (the) + mor (dead/die) + oyt/ath (next)
As The Next Dead or The Next (to) Die, as in a harbinger of death or deadly opponent

Giant Irish warrior who demands tribute (‘either of money or children’) from King Mark of Cornwall until he is slain by Mark’s nephew Tristan

In Prose Tristan, he champions his brother-in-law, King Anguish of Ireland
While in other texts he seems to be acting on his own behalf

He appears in almost all versions of the legend of Tristan and Iseult, beginning with the verse works of Thomas of Britain and Béroul

In the early material, Morholt is the brother of the Queen of Ireland (called Isolde or Lotta) and the uncle of Tristan’s future love
He comes to Cornwall to collect tribute owed to his country; instead, however, Tristan challenges him to battle on the remote Saint Samson’s Isle in order to release his people from the debt
After fighting for a day, Tristan mortally wounds Morholt

Leaving a piece of his sword in the Irishman’s skull,
But Morholt stabs him with a poisoned spear and escapes to Ireland to die

The injured Tristan eventually travels to Ireland incognito to receive healing from Iseult the Younger

But is found out when the Queen discovers the piece of metal found in her brother’s head fits perfectly into a chink in Tristan’s blade
The Queen is dissuaded of revenge by her family

The authors of later romances expand Morholt’s role

In works like Prose Tristan, Post-Vulgate Cycle, and Malory, he is a Knight of the Round Table before his fateful encounter with Tristan
The prose romances add many further details to Morholt’s career
Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin, as well as Malory record his adventures with the young Gawain, Gaheris, and Yvain early in King Arthur’s reign

Morholt joined Gawain and Yvain during their temporary banishment from Camelot
Enjoyed a number of adventures in the Forest of Arroy
He defeated the Duke of the South Marches (who hated Arthur)
Killed an evil giant named Taulas
Rescued a lady in the Wood of Plessis
Was imprisoned at the Rock of Maidens until rescued by Gaheris

Tristan takes Morholt’s place at the Round Table when he joins the company himself

Appears in

Thomas of Britain’s Tristran(s), or Le Roman de Tristran(s) et Ysolt/Ysodt/Yseut/Ysod(e)/Isode (after AD 1155, by AD 1170/1175)
Chrétien de Troyes’ Érec et Énide (c AD 1170)
Béroul’s Tristan (late Twelfth Century AD)
Eilhart von Oberge’s Tristrant (AD 1170/1190)
Wolfram von Eschenbach’s Parzival (AD 1200/1210)
Gottfried von Strassburg’s Tristan (early Thirteenth Century AD)
Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin (AD 1220/1230s/1235)
Palamedes (c AD 1240)
Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose (AD 1225-1235, AD 1276)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

“King Hoël”

§Sir Duke/King/Saint Ho(w/v/r)ël(l)(us)/Hœlus/Ohel
of Brittany
One of the Three Royal Knights, in Welsh Legends
King of Brittany or Nantes
ap/mab/(son of)

Kaw/Caw/(Emyr Llydaw), in Welsh Legends
King Budic/Budec (II) of Brittany, in Geoffrey of Monmouth

He is handsome, wise, and skilled at arms
An ally of Arthur, who is either his uncle or cousin
In Arthur’s early days as king,

Hoel assists his kinsman against the Saxon invaders led by Colgrim
Becomes ill during the campaign
Arthur is forced to leave him in the city of Dumbarton
While Arthur is defeating the Saxons in Bath,

Picts and Scots attack Dumbarton
Hoel weakly holds them off

Eventually, Arthur returns and rescues Hoel from defeat
Hoel, in turn, helps Arthur win the war against the Scots at Lake Lomond

During the campaign against Gaul,

Hoel accompanies Arthur with a division of soldiers
Conquers much of the region, including Aquitaine and Gascony

Hoel pledges himself and a force of soldiers to Arthur at the beginning of the campaign against Rome

Before they embark,
- They receive word that Hoel’s niece Helen (or, in Malory, his wife — the Duchess of Brittany)
- Has been carried off by the giant of Mont Saint Michel
Arthur and his Knights attack and kill the giant, but are too late to save the woman’s life

In Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin, Helen’s uncle is Lionel of Nanteuil
In Saga af Tristram ok Isodd, the character is called Orsl

Despite the loss,

Hoel goes with Arthur to Rome
Proves one of the best warriors Arthur has
Leads a battalion of soldiers at Soissons

In Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Regum Britanniæ,

Arthur sends Hoel on to conquer Rome
While Arthur returns to Britain to deal with Mordred’s insurrection

In Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose,

Hoel (replacing Havelin/Jovelin from earlier texts) becomes the father of

Isolde of the White Hands
Kahedins
Ruvalen

Another (unnamed) daughter marries King Meliadus of Lyonesse and becomes Tristan’s step-mother
Tristan comes to Hoel’s court and ends up saving Hoel from a tyrannical neighbour named Agrippe
In return, Hoel marries Tristan to Isolde of the White Hands

A ruler named Hoel

Governs Brittany in the time of William the Conqueror
Is one of William’s allies

Geoffrey of Monmouth may have used adopted Hoel’s name in order to flatter his Norman patrons
Appears in

Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Regum Britanniæ (History of Kings of Britain), or De Gestis Britonum (Of Deeds of Britons) (AD 1136/1138/1139)
Robert Wace of Jersey’s Roman de Brut (Romance of Brutus, or A History of the British); or Geste des Bretons (Deeds of the British/Britons/Bretons);
or Brut d’Engleterre (Brutus of England); or Roman des Rois d’Angleterre (Romance of Kings of England) (AD 1155)
Breuddwyd/Breudwyt Rhonabwy (Dream of Rhonabwy) (late Twelfth/early Thirteenth Century AD)
Trioedd Ynys Prydein/Prydain (Triads of British Isle, or Welsh Triads) (Eleventh/(late Thirteenth)/Fourteenth Centuries AD)
Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin (Story of Merlin) (AD 1220/1230s/1235)
(Geraint/)Gereint ac Enid) ((Geraint/)Gereint and Enid) (Thirteenth Century AD)
Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose (AD 1225-1235, AD 1276)
Richart d’Irlande’s Les Prophecies de Merlin (AD 1272/1279)
Saga af Tristram ok Isodd (Saga of Tristan and Isolde) (Fourteenth Century AD)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

[Known historical personages]
- [Hywel/Hueil/Huail ap/mab Kaw/Caw]
- [Ho(w)el/Hywel/Hovelius ap Budic II]

“Sir Yvain the Bastard”

Sir Owein/Owain/Yvain(s)/Yvonet/Uwain(e/s)
The/li/le(s)/l’-/of Bastard/Batarz/Adulterer/Avo(u)(l)tre(s)/Lafultere(/Adventurous)
ap/(son of) King Urien of Gore
Is sired by Urien on the wife of his Seneschal
Often confused with his half-brother Yvain, after whom he is named
He leaves home with his brother to join Arthur’s service, even though his father is involved in a rebellion against Arthur
Is encountered frequently in Arthurian romance as a hearty and usually sensible knight

Fighting in Arthur’s wars against
- Saxons
- Rome
- Claudas
- Galehaut
Knighted by Arthur for his service
During the Grail Quest

Adventures with Galahad and Gareth
Helps Gawain and Gareth

Liberate the Castle of Maidens
By killing the seven knights who rule there

In Perlesvaus,

Yvain the Bastard’s own son is named Cahus
He dies while serving as Arthur’s own squire on a strange adventure
Killed by a giant in a deadly dream

In Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal,

He is killed by his cousin Gawain late during the Grail Quest when the two, disguised by their armour, randomly meet and decide to joust
It is not until Gawain takes him to a hermitage for his last rites that he realises he has fought, and killed, his own cousin

Yvain the Bastard and Yvain les Avoutres are separate characters in Lancelot of the Laik
Malory, likewise, splits him into two characters:

Uwaine les Avoutres, son of Urien
Uwaine les Adventurous, an unrelated Knight

Malory, in an obvious mistake,

States that Yvain the Bastard is present at the healing of Sir Urry/Urre
Which occurs after his reported death

Appears in

Chrétien de Troyes’ Érec et Énide (Geraint and Enid) (c AD 1170)
Hartmann von Aue’s Ere(c)(k) (Geraint) (c AD 1185)
Perlesvaus, or Le/Li Hauz Livre(s) du Graal (The High Book(s)/History of the Grail) (AD 1192/1205/1220/1225)
Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin (Story of Merlin) (AD 1220/1230s/1235)
Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1230/1240)
(Of) Arthour and (of) Merlin ((Of) Arthur and (of) Merlin) (late Thirteenth Century AD)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Lancelot of the Laik (Lancelot of the Lake) (late Fifteenth Century AD)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

Astrological Sign Associated with Owain the Bastard - Capricorn — Saturn- — Earth

“Sir Gingalain”

§Sir G(u)i(n)g(a)l(a)(i)n(e)/Gingelein/Gliglois/Wigalois/G(a)yn(ga)l(e)yn/G(e)ynleyn/Gyngelayne/Gyngolyn(/Carduino)
((The) Fair Unknown)/(Þe Faire Unknowe)/(Le/Li Bel/Biaus (Inconnu/Deiconneu/Desconneu/Descouneüs))/(Lybyus Dysconyus)/(Libeaus Desconus)
Son of Gawain(e) and the Fairy Blanchemal
Sir Thomas Malory’s The Weddyng(e) of Syr Gawen and Dame Ragnell calls him the son of Ragnell rather than Blanchemal
A hero Knight of Renaut/Renaud/Renals de Bâgé/Beaujeu/Biauju’s Le Bel Inconnu and Thomas Chestre’s Lybeaus/Libeaus Desconus

His mother, Blanchemal, raises him in ignorance of his true name and paternity, so he is called Le Bel Inconnu, or The Fair Unknown
He joins Arthur’s court

Accepts a quest to free Queen Esmeree the Blonde of Wales
Whose city of Snowdon is being laid waste by two sorcerers (Mabon and Evrain)

Blond Esmeree’s Lady, Helie

Who comes to Arthur’s court seeking help
Is furious when she learns that Arthur has assigned a young and inexperienced knight to the task

Guinglain changes her thinking during the journey to Snowdon, as he

Conquers Sir Bleoberis
Rescues Lady Clarie from two giants
Defeats three attackers named Elin, William, and the Knight of Saie
Wins a sparrowhawk tournament against Sir Girflet in honour of Lady Margerie
Defeats Malgier, Guardian of the Golden Isle

In this last adventure, Guinglain falls in love with the fairy ruler of the Golden Isle, known as Maiden with the White Hands

The Maiden loves Guinglain in return and wishes to marry him

Guinglain is forced to sneak away from her
In the middle of the night
To complete his quest

He travels to the Desolate City of Snowdon

Defeats the two sorcerers who had cursed the city
Who had turned Esmeree the Blonde into a snake

He is then approached by the snake, which had to kiss him in order to return to her true form
Guinglain fights the urge to cleave the snake in two, kisses it, and completes the adventure

A voice (which turns out to be Maiden with the White Hands) then informs him of his true name and paternity
Esmeree the Blonde falls in love with Guinglain and wishes to marry him

Guinglain’s love for the Maiden leads him to return to the Golden Isle
Where he finds the Maiden incensed at his earlier departure

She eventually accepts him back

He loses her love for good
When he sneaks away to attend Arthur’s tournament at the Castle of Maidens

He marries Esmeree the Blonde and becomes King of Wales

In Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal, he is a Knight defeated by Arthur the Less
His character is known as Beaudous (Fair Unknown) in Robert de Blois’ Beaudous
In Malory,

He joins Mordred and Agravain in their plot to catch Lancelot and Guinevere in flagrante delicto
Is slain by Lancelot

His adventures are given to Carduino in Cantare di Astore e Morgana
Appears in

Renaut/Renaud/Renals de Bâgé/Beaujeu/Biauju’s Le Bel Inconnu, or Li Biaus Descouneüs (The Fair Unknown) (AD 1185/1190)
Wauchier of Denain’s First Continuation of Chrétien’s Perceval (AD 1195/1200)
Gauchier of Donaing’s Second Continuation of Chrétien’s Perceval (c AD 1200)
Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1230/1240)
Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose (AD 1225-1235, AD 1276)
Robert de Blois’ Beaudous, or (Roman de) Biaus( )dous ((Romance of) Fair Unknown; or literally, Handsome Sweet, or Soft Bias) (mid/late Thirteenth Century AD)
Thomas Chestre’s Lybeaus/Libeaus Desconus (The Fair Unknown) (late Fourteenth Century AD)
Sir Thomas Malory’s The Weddyng(e) of Syr Gawen and Dame Ragnell (The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnell) (c AD 1450)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Cantare di Astore e Morgana (Sing of Hector de Maris and Morgan le Fay) (second half of Fifteenth Century AD)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

[Gwgawn (Greddyrudd/(Red Sword)) is a known historical personage]

“Sir Calogrenant”

Sir Col(e)greva(u)nce/Calogrevant/Calogrinant/Calogrena(n)t/Calogreuand/Calogrenan(s/z)/Kalogre(n/u)ant/Kalebrant/Kalocreant/Kalogrian/Qualogrenans/Galogrinans
de/or Gor(r)e
A Knight from Gorre
Introduced by Chrétien de Troyes in Lancelot

In two versions of the Y(v/w)ain story,

Calogrenant’s tale of an enchanted fountain in Broceliande
Prompts Yvain to seek the adventure

His counterpart in Welsh legends (Y Guotoðin, Englyn(n)ion y Beddau/Bedeu, Trioedd Ynys Prydein/Prydain, Owain), in this respect, is Cyn(a/o)n

According to Vulgate Cycle,

He joins Arthur’s company in the early days of the King’s reign
Fights against Saxons at Carhaix and Aneblayse
Against the rebellious Kings at Battle of Bedegraine
Appears as a stock character in other places
During the Grail Quest, he comes to a chapel and finds Lionel about to murder Bors
In defense of Bors, Calogrenant duels with Lionel (Bors is praying and refuses to fight) and is eventually killed
He prays just before Lionel strikes the killing blow and achieves holy absolution
When Lionel decapitates him, his blood flows milky white, spills on the ground, and causes enchanted flowers to grow perennially in that spot
A hermitage at the location is later named after him

In Heinrich von dem Türlin’s Diu Crône,

Calogrenant is present at the Grail Castle when Gawain concludes the Grail Quest
An enchantment puts him to sleep before he can witness the marvels of the Grail

Malory recounts his death at the hands of Lionel but later reports that Calogrenant is present at the healing of Sir Urry/Urre

Malory gives him a second death outside the chamber of Queen Guinevere
Where he is slain by Lancelot after joining Mordred’s plan to expose Guinevere’s infidelity

Roger Sherman Loomis

Thinks he is a duplicate of Kay
Derives his name from Kai lo Grenant (“Kay the Grumbler”)

Appears in

Chrétien de Troyes’ Lancelot, or Le Chevalier de la Charrete (Lancelot, or The Knight of the Cart) (c AD 1135)
Chrétien de Troyes’ Yvain, or Le Chevalier au Lion (Owain, or The Knight with the Lion) (AD 1177/1181)
Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Heinrich von dem Türlin’s Diu Crône (AD 1224/1230)
Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin (Story of Merlin) (AD 1220/1230s/1235)
Manessier’s Third Continuation of Chrétien’s Perceval (c AD 1230)
Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1230/1240)
Ywain and Gawain (AD 1310/1340)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

“Sir Gareth”

Sir Prince Gareth(e)/Gaher(i)et(h)/Gar(i/r)et(t)(e)/((Gu)erec)/Guer(r)ehet/Generez/Carahés/Char(a/e)hes/Charheries
Be(a)umains/Beaumaris
Son of King L(i)ot(h)(/Lliaws?)/Leudonus/(Lludd + Lleu) Luwddoc/Luyddog/(of the Host)/Lludd/Nudd (of Lothian and Orkney) and Queen Anna/Morgause/Margawse/Belisent of Orkney
Brothers include Gawain, Agravain, Gaheris, and Mordred
The earliest form of his name is so similar to the earliest form of Gaheris that the two brothers may have originally been the same character
His name may be an adaptation of the Welsh Gweir
First appears in Chrétien de Troyes’ Perceval
His first significant adventure comes in Wauchier of Denain’s First Continuation of Chrétien’s Perceval, in which he avenges a knight named Brangemuer by slaying the Little Knight.
His story is expanded in Vulgate Lancelot Propre, Vulgate Mort(e) Artu, Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin, and Malory, attaching to him the Fair Unknown motif

Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin and Malory offer two differing tales of his enfances

Merlin tells us that, with his brothers, he defects from Lot’s house and takes service with Arthur
He battles early Saxon invasion and participates in war against King Claudas
Is knighted either by Arthur or his brother Gaheris

According to Malory,

Gareth arrives at Arthur’s court under unusual circumstances at a Pentecost feast, refusing to identify himself
His brothers have not seen him in many years and do not recognise him
Arthur, impressed with the young man’s physique and demeanour, puts him under the supervision of Kay

Who bullies and scorns Gareth
Forcing him to work in the kitchens
Giving him the nickname “Beaumains” (“fair hands”)

After a year of this,

A maiden named Lynet comes to court requesting assistance for her sister Lyones
Besieged in her castle by Sir Ironside (Red Knight of the Red Lands)

At Gareth’s request,

Lancelot knights him and Arthur assigns him the quest
Much to the dismay of Lynet, who wants a knight, not a kitchen page

Kay, also incredulous, challenges Gareth and is defeated
Despite the constant demonstration of his honour and skill in the subsequent journey,

Lynet constantly insults him
Calling him a vile kitchen knave
Forcing him to keep down wind

In succession, Gareth defeats the brothers

Perard (the Black Knight)
Pertylope (the Green Knight, not to be confused with the Green Knight from Sir Gawayne and the Greene Knight)
Per(i)mones/Perymones (the Red/Puce Knight)
Persaunt (the Blue/Azure Knight)
Ironside (the Red Knight of the Red Lands)

He spares the latter’s life and sends him to Camelot
Gareth and Lyones hold a great tournament at Castle Perilous which proves Gareth’s prowess to Arthur’s kingdom
After another series of adventures, Gareth marries Lyones at Kynke Kenadonne

In Vulgate Lancelot Propre, Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin, Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal, Post-Vulgate Mort Artu, and Malory,

Gareth has several other minor adventures which generally prove him a cut above his brothers
He prevents Gawain and Agravain from killing Gaheris in revenge for Morgause’s death
Condemns his brothers for the murder of Lamorat
Attempts to dissuade Agravain and Mordred from exposing the affair between Lancelot and Guinevere
Unsuccessful in this last endeavour,

Gareth is eventually slain by either Lancelot or Bors
When Lancelot rescues Guinevere from the stake

This leads to Gawain’s later hatred toward Lancelot

Appears in

Chrétien de Troyes’ Perceval, or Le Conte del Graal (Perceval, or The Story/Tale of the Grail) (AD 1176/1180/1190/1191)
Wauchier of Denain’s First Continuation of Chrétien’s Perceval (AD 1195/1200)
Ulrich von Zatzikhoven’s Lanzelet (Lancelot) (c AD 1200)
Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Vulgate Mort(e) Artu (Death of Arthur) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin (Story of Merlin) (AD 1220/1230s/1235)
Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin (Continuation of Merlin, or The Merlin Continuation) (AD 1230/1240)
Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1230/1240)
Post-Vulgate Mort Artu (Death of Arthur) (AD 1230/1240)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

Compare with Guerec/Gweir

“Sir Gornemant”

Sir Gor(ne)mant/Go(r)(n)(e/i)man(s/z)/Gornimans/Gurnemans/Gurnemanz/Governale
de/of Cohort/Gohort/Gelbort/Goort/Gorhaut/Groharz/Cornwall
ap/(son of) Ric(c)a
Percival’s Old Mentor

A Knight who tutours the freshly-Knighted Perceval
Teaching him proper use of

Weapons
Armour
Code of Knightly conduct

One of the pieces of advice he gives to Perceval is not to talk too much

Perceval misinterprets the advice
Consequently fails to ask the Grail Question at the castle of the Fisher King

Appears first in Chrétien de Troyes’ Érec et Énide
In Chrétien de Troyes’ Perceval

He instructs Perceval in the ways of Knighthood
Is uncle of Blanchefleur

An appearance in Ulrich von Zatzikhoven’s Lanzelet

At a tournament against King Lot of Lothian
Suggests that Gornemant belongs to an older Arthurian tradition

In Wolfram von Eschenbach’s Parzival, Gurnemans has

Three sons named Gurzgi, Lascoyt, and Schentefleurs
Daughter named Liaze

Who falls in love with Percival
Gornemant would have him marry Liaze
Perceval declines to marry her

In Italian Tristan romances,

He appears under the name Governale
Entrusted by Merlino to care for and educate the young Cornish prince Tristano

(In Richard Wagner’s Parsifal, Gurnemanz is depicted as a Grail Knight)
Appears in

Chrétien de Troyes’ Érec et Énide (c AD 1170)
Chrétien de Troyes’ Perceval, or Le Conte del Graal (AD 1176/1180/1190/1191)
Ulrich von Zatzikhoven’s Lanzelet (Lancelot) (c AD 1200)
Wolfram von Eschenbach’s Parzival (AD 1200/1210)
Tristano Riccardiano (Riccardian Tristan) (late Thirteenth Century AD)
Tristano Panciati(c)chiano ((c)chian Tristan) (early Fourteenth Century AD)
(La) Vendetta (Che fe Messer Lanzelloto de la Morte) di (Miser) Tristano ((The) Revenge/Vengeance (taken by Sir Lancelot for the Death) of (Sir) Tristan) (Fourteenth Century AD)
(I) Cantari di Tristano ((The) Songs of Tristan) (mid/late Fourteenth Century AD)
Tristano Veneto (Venetian Tristan) (Fifteenth Century AD)
Quando Tristano e Lancielotto al Petrone di Merlino (When Tristan and Lancelot fought at a Stone of Merlin) (late Fifteenth Century AD)
(Richard Wagner’s Parsifal)

“Sir Bors”

Sir Bo(o)r(t/s/z)/Born/Brys/Bwrt/Bohor(t/s)/Bohort(es)/Bo(o)(u)rs/Bordo de Gan(n)is/Ganus/Ganys/(of Gascony)
the Younger
One of the three Virgin Knights
ap/(son of) King Bwrt/Bors/Bohort/Brysethach/Brvssethach the Elder
Appears in

Lancelot do Lac (Lancelot of the Lake) (AD 1215/1220)
Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Vulgate Mort(e) Artu (Death of Arthur) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Manessier’s Third Continuation of Chrétien’s Perceval (c AD 1230)
Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1230/1240)
Post-Vulgate Mort Artu (Death of Arthur) (AD 1230/1240)
Stanzaic Le Morte Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Fourteenth Century AD)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

“Sir Yvain of the White Hands”

Sir Yvain/Yvonet (aux Blanches Mains)/(of the White Hands)
Another different Knight named Yvain
In Old French romances and (Of) Arthour and (of) Merlin,

He is unrelated to Iseult of the White Hands
And to the “main” Yvain (son of Urien)
Although Malory merges him with main Yvain
He serves Arthur in the Saxon wars,

Is knighted in reward for his service
Later participates in the quest to learn the fate of Merlin
And to find the missing Lancelot

In Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal,

He is mistakenly slain by Erec
Who did not recognise him
For which in turn Erec is killed by Gawain
His former Round Table seat was taken by Arthur the Less

In Palamedes, he is son of a knight named Darie/Daire
In Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose,

He is badly wounded by King Mark of Cornwall
Healed at the Abbey of the Black Cross in Cornwall

Appears in

Robert de Boron’s Didot(-)Perceval, or Romance of Perceval in Prose, or Prose Perceval (AD 1200/1220/1230)
Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin (Story of Merlin) (AD 1220/1230s/1235)
Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin (Continuation of Merlin, or The Merlin Continuation) (AD 1230/1240)
Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1230/1240)
Palamedes (c AD 1240)
Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose (Prose Tristan) (AD 1225-1235, AD 1276)
(Of) Arthour and (of) Merlin ((Of) Arthur and (of) Merlin) (late Thirteenth Century AD)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

“Sir Aglovale”

Sir Ag(g)loval(e)/Agravale/Engloval(e)
de Galis
Son of Pellinore of Listinoise and the Widowed Lady
Brother of Perceval, Lamorat, Meliodam, Alain, Drians, and Tor (all brothers do not appear in the same source)
He first appears in Vulgate Lancelot Propre, where his primary function is to convey his young brother Perceval to Arthur’s court
In Le Livre d’Artus,

He joins Arthur’s service during the Saxon wars
Fourteen of his brothers are killed when King Agrippe invades the Waste Forest, his mother’s home, but Aglovale eventually kills Agrippe in combat

In Manessier’s Third Continuation of Chrétien’s Perceval,

He dies seven years after Perceval becomes the Grail King
His death prompts Perceval to retire to a hermitage

In Vulgate and Post-Vulgate Cycles he is slain either by Gawain during the Grail Quest or by Lancelot during the rescue of Guinevere from the stake
Moriæn/Moriaan gives him a son named Morien,

Fathered by Aglovale on a Moorish princess
Aglovale eventually marries the Saracen woman
Becomes King of an Arabian land

Appears in

Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Le Livre d’Artus (The Book of Arthur) (early Thirteenth Century AD)
Manessier’s Third Continuation of Chrétien’s Perceval (c AD 1230)
Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1230/1240)
Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin (Continuation of Merlin, or The Merlin Continuation) (AD 1230/1240)
Moriæn/Moriaan (Morien) (AD 1263/1264)
(Roman van) Perchevael ((Romance of) Perceval) (AD 1322/1323)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

“King Pellinore”, and “Sir Alymere”

Sir King Pel(l)inor(e/o)/Pellanor/Pelleore/Alynore/Alymer(e)
Of (Listenoise/Listinoise)/(the Isles)
Knight of the Questing Beast
King of

Listenois
Wales
Or ‘the Isles’

Son of Pellehan and brother of Pelles (the Fisher King), although all three kings were probably originally the same character
Father of Dindrane
First mentioned in Le Livre d’Artus and Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin as the Maimed King

Who was wounded by a holy lance after he doubted the wonders of the Grail
Who would only be healed at the conclusion of the Grail Quest

Le Livre d’Artus, in an apparent attempt to reconcile conflicting traditions,

Includes two characters named Pellinore
They are cousins
The first is the father of Perceval and 16 other sons

He is wounded in the manner described above and can only find sport in fishing
He is thus both the Maimed King and the Fisher King
Fourteen of his sons are killed when King Agrippe invades the Waste Land, causing Pellinore to retire to the Castle of Marvels to await his healing

The second Pellinore is the king of Listenois (Waste Land) and Corbenic (Grail Castle)

He has twelve sons
Like his cousin, he has been wounded, by the Bleeding Lance, and must await healing from Galahad

The two Pellinores are destined to be healed on the same day
No source beyond Le Livre d’Artus includes this duplication

Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin says Pellinore has twelve sons and a second brother named Alain
Post-Vulgate romances expand and change his role

Pellinore’s father, Pellehan, becomes the Maimed King
Pellinore is given a number of adventures at Arthur’s court
Named as father of Perceval, Lamorat, Drian, Aglovale, and Tor ‘five noted Knights of the Round Table’

According to Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin,

Pellinore pursues the horrid and elusive Questing Beast
Giving him the nickname ‘Knight with the Strange Beast’
In his first appearance,
- Arthur challenges him for the right to pursue the Questing Beast
- And for the injury of the young Sir Girflet
Pellinore wins the combat, but Merlin stops him from slaying Arthur
He later enters Arthur’s service
At the battle of Tarabel,

He kills King Lot of Lothian
Sparking a feud between his sons and the sons of Lot (Gawain, Agravain, Gaheris, and Mordred)

Arthur promotes Pellinore to the Round Table
In another adventure, Pellinore, intent on rescuing one maiden from Sir Hontzlake of Wentland

Declines to help another
Who later turns out to be Alyne
His own daughter by the Lady of the Rule
She kills herself when she realises that Pellinore would not help her avenge her slain lover

In Palamedes
- He has a sister called the Lady of the Island of Fairies
- And a brother named Lamorat
- Conquers Wales
- Helps Arthur quash a Saxon invasion
Malory says that he married the Queen of Flanders

Malory reproduces his adventures from Post-Vulgate Cycle
But removes his association with the Grail family

In (Li) C(h)antari di Lancel(l)otto,

He is alive at the end of Arthur’s reign
He helps Lancelot defend Joyous Guard against Arthur

In traditional legend, Pellinore is slain by Gawain and his brothers in revenge for Lot’s death
Most likely separate as

King Pellinore
Sir Alymer(e)/Alynore

One of Arthur’s Knights
Who fights in the war against Mordred
In Alliterative Morte Arthure

“King Pellinore” appears in

Le Livre d’Artus (The Book of Arthur) (early Thirteenth Century AD)
Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin (Story of Merlin) (AD 1220/1230s/1235)
Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin (Continuation of Merlin, or The Merlin Continuation) (AD 1230/1240)
Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1230/1240)
Palamedes (c AD 1240)
Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose (AD 1225-1235, AD 1276)
(Li) C(h)antari di Lancel(l)otto (The Songs of Lancelot) (late Fourteenth/early Fifteenth Century AD)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

“Sir Alymer(e)/Alynore” appears in Alliterative Morte Arthure (Alliterative Death of Arthur) (c AD 1400)
Compare with

Belenos
(Beli Mawr)/(Beli the Great)
Apollo

Astrological Sign Associated with Pellinore - Pisces — Jupiter- — Water

“Sir M(a/e)leagant”

Sir Mel(l)e(a)g(r)an((t/s)/Maleagant/Malag(r)ant/Malgaretes/Meli(ag)(r)a(u)n(t/z/s)/Mel(l)(e/i/y)ag(r)a(u)nce/Meliakanz/Melja(h)(k/c/g)anz/Miljanz/Milienc/Malvasius/Mehaloas/Melwas/Maelwys/Mardoc
of Gor(r)e (Land of No Return)
ap/(son of) King Baeddan/Bagdemagus/Baudemagus
Maleagant abducts King Arthur’s wife, Queen Guinevere, necessitating her rescue by Arthur and his knights
Earliest Version of Abduction-of-Guinevere Motif appearing in text is in Caradoc of Llancarfan’s Vita Sancti Gildæ (c AD 1130)

Melwas, king of the “Summer Country” (Regnante in Aestiua Regione: a direct translation of the Old Welsh name for Somerset Gwlad yr Haf)
Carries Guinevere (Gwenhwyfar) off to his stronghold of Glastonbury
Arthur locates her after a year of searching and prepares to storm the castle, but Gildas negotiates her safe return
Melwas also appears in a fragmentary Welsh dialogue, indicating that this story was widely known in Wales

A monumental carving on the Archivolt/Archivault of the Porta della Pescheria on the Modena Cathedral (AD 1090/1120/1135/1140) contains a related scene

In which Arthur and his warriors besiege a castle
Where a character identified as Mardoc sits with Winlogee (Guinevere)

Roger Sherman Loomis regarded the form Maleagant or Meleagans as directly derivative of the Brythonic Melwas
Meliagant/Meliaganz appears in Chrétien de Troyes’ Lancelot, or Le Chevalier de la Charrete (c AD 1135)

He is said to be the son of King Bagdemagus (ruler of the otherworldly realm of Gorre, the Land of No Return)
Brings the abducted Guinevere to his impenetrable castle out of his one-sided love for Arthur’s wife
The queen is rescued by Lancelot and Gawain
Meliagant has multiple sisters,

One of whom betrays him to save an imprisoned Lancelot,
Who had earlier helped her by beheading her enemy

Maleagant’s role seems to have diminished as Mordred became more popular
Nevertheless, he has continued to appear in most accounts of Guinevere’s kidnapping
He plays that part in Vulgate Cycle (early Thirteenth Century AD) and in Malory (last quarter of Fifteenth Century AD)
In (De) Sone de Nancy/Nansey/Nansay/Nansai/Nausay (AD 1267/1270/1280),

The hero Sone (Sueno) visits an island said to have been Meleagan’s

Whose father was Baudemagus
His grandfather was named Tadus
Meleagan’s island is perfectly square and its walls are made of crystal
There is a palace at each corner and a fountain wells up through a gilded copper horn at the centre

A “Sword Bridge” connects the island to a causeway, a bowshot away, which leads to the mainland
In Meleagan’s day, many men were beheaded there

In Malory’s telling,

Maleagant kidnaps Guinevere and her unarmed knights, and holds them prisoner in his castle
After Maleagant’s archers kill his horse, Lancelot has to ride to the castle in a cart in order to save the Queen
Knowing Lancelot was on his way,

Maleagant pleads to Guinevere for mercy,
Which she grants and then forces Lancelot to stifle his rage against Maleagant

Later, Maleagant learns of Guinevere’s unfaithfulness to Arthur and is willing to fight in a duel at Arthur’s court in an attempt to prove it to others
After Guinevere made it known that she wants Maleagant dead, Lancelot kills him even though Maleagant begs for mercy
However, this happens only after Maleagant agreed to continue fighting

With Lancelot’s helmet removed
His left side body armour removed
His left hand tied behind his back
Lancelot felt it necessary to finish the bout, but would not slay Maleagant unless Maleagant agreed to continue fighting

Appears in

The Archivolt/Archivault of the Porta della Pescheria on the Modena Cathedral (AD 1090/1120/1135/1140)
Caradoc of Llancarfan’s Vita Sancti Gildæ (Life of Saint Gildas) (c AD 1130)
Chrétien de Troyes’ Lancelot, or Le Chevalier de la Charrete (Lancelot, or The Knight of the Cart) (c AD 1135)
Wolfram von Eschenbach’s Parzival (AD 1200/1210)
Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1230/1240)
(De) Sone de Nancy/Nansey/Nansay/Nansai/Nausay (Sueno of/from Nanbsheim) (AD 1267/1270/1280)
Historia Imperialis (Imperial History) of John the Deacon (edited codex preserved in Capitolare of Verona) (end of Fourteenth Century AD)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

[M(a/e)leagant of Bigorre, son of Baudewyn Magnus, is a known historical personage]
Compare with

Gwawl fab Clud
Gwyn(n)(was) ap Nudd

Astrological Sign Associated with Meleagant - Taurus — Venus- — Earth

“Sir Dag(ue/o)net”

Sir Dag((u)e/(o))net/Da(n)guenes/Daguenez
((Arthur’s)/(the) Fool)/(Court(ly) Jester)
A witless Knight introduced in Lancelot do Lac
He becomes Arthur’s beloved court jester in Malory and Tennyson
His epithets include “the Coward”, “the Fool”, and “the Craven”

Palamedes

Daguenet is a somewhat Walter Mittyish Knight, imagining and presenting himself as a fearless warrior when in fact he is prone to flee at the slightest provocation

Other Knights used him to play jokes on their enemies
Kay arranged for Daguenet to face Sir Brunor on Brunor’s first joust, thus depriving Brunor of the honour of defeating a true Knight in his first combat

In another episode,

Some of Arthur’s Knights identify Daguenet as Lancelot to King Mark
Daguenet performs some comical blustering which causes Mark to flee, screaming, into the forest

Lancelot once finds himself dubbed “Daguenet’s Prisoner”

After Daguenet approaches Lancelot, who was in a deep reverie
“captures” him by taking hold of his bridle
leads him to Guinevere as his “prisoner”

The poor fool is thrashed by Tristan when the latter goes insane and is living like a madman in Cornwall
Gawain adopts Daguenet’s name as an alias during one of his adventures
In Richart d’Irlande’s Les Prophecies de Merlin,

Daguenet assumes administration of Arthur’s court during the False Guinevere episode, and the place falls apart
He kills Fole, Arthur’s treasurer
When Fole reproves Daguenet for expending all of the funds in the royal treasury

Appears in

Lancelot do Lac (Lancelot of the Lake) (AD 1215/1220)
Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Le Livre d’Artus (The Book of Arthur) (early Thirteenth Century AD)
Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin (Story of Merlin) (AD 1220/1230s/1235)
Palamedes (c AD 1240)
Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose (AD 1225-1235, AD 1276)
Richart d’Irlande’s Les Prophecies de Merlin (AD 1272/1279)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)
(Baron Alfred Lord Tennyson’s Idylls of the King)

“King Leodegrance”

§Sir King Leo(n)deg(r)a(u)n(c)(e)(s)/Leodeg(a)r(anz)/Leodegar(ius)/Leodegon/Leodogran(z)/Laudegraunce/Ladugan/Lodegreon/Lodegreance of Cameliard/Camelerde/Carmelide
Meaning of Name

Is this name related to ‘leode’, a Kentish term for a King’s man?
Or to ‘leod’, meaning a man’s worth?
Or is it ‘leo de gan’, Lion of Gan?

Gan as a trap or snare for game
Or, in a Northeast England dialect, ‘to go’

Or is it ‘leo de gar’, Lion of Gar?

Father of Queen Guinevere/Gwenhwyfar
According to Vulgate Cycle,

Leodegrance fathers a second daughter out of wedlock (with the wife of his seneschal, Cleodalis)
He also names this child Guinevere
Leodegan’s enemies try to replace Guinevere with “False Guinevere” on Arthur’s wedding night, but Arthur’s knights thwart the plot
This “False Guinevere” later convinces Arthur’s court that she is Arthur’s real wife and her sister is an impostor

Forcing the real Queen and her lover Lancelot into hiding
With their friend Galehaut

Guinevere eventually returns and reclaims her throne

Has a son who is killed in combat
Serves Uther Pendragon
Entrusted with the keeping of the Round Table at Uther’s death
One of the few kings who accept Arthur as his overlord
For this, his land is invaded by the rebel King Rience (or King Rions, a Saxon giant)
Arthur, Merlin, King Ban of Benoic, and King Bors of Gannes journey to Carmelide and, incognito, offer their assistance to Leodegan
The combined forces of the Kings lead to the defeat of Rions/Rience at Carhaix and Aneblayse, two of Leodegan’s cities
Arthur reveals his identity to Leodegan, who offers him Guinevere
Arthur meets Guinevere for the first time and they develop a love that eventually results in their fateful marriage
When Guinevere marries Arthur, Leodegrance gives the young king the Round Table and one hundred Knights as a wedding present
He dies soon after his daughter’s marriage
He first exists in Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Regum Britanniæ as Leodegar
(In Tennyson, he is named as the brother of Urien, who besieges his kingdom in place of Rions/Rience)
Appears in

Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Regum Britanniæ (History of Kings of Britain), or De Gestis Britonum (Of Deeds of Britons) (AD 1136/1138/1139)
Lancelot do Lac (Lancelot of the Lake) (AD 1215/1220)
Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin (Story of Merlin) (AD 1220/1230s/1235)
Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin (Continuation of Merlin, or The Merlin Continuation) (AD 1230/1240)
Palamedes (c AD 1240)
(Of) Arthour and (of) Merlin ((Of) Arthur and (of) Merlin) (late Thirteenth Century AD)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)
(Baron Alfred Lord Tennyson’s Idylls of the King)

[Ososimus Leodogrance of Llandyfennics, son of David Aldroenus/Aldrian, is a known historical personage]
Compare with

Ogyr(u/v)an/Gogyrfan
Lludd/Nudd Llaw Eraint/Ereint/Arian (Lludd Silver Hand), son of Beli Mawr
King Leir/Llyr II, son of King Bladud

King of the Britons, British God
Reigned 861/858 BC to 801/798 BC

“Duke Cador”

§Earl/Duke/Count Sir Cado(r)(ius)/Carados/Cadorcanio(n)is/Cadwr/Cadwy/Gadwy
of Cornwall
One of the three (Knights of Battle)/(Battle Knights)
ap/(son of)

Gorlois, in Welsh translation of Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Regum Britanniæ
Gwryon, in Geraint/Gereint ac Enid

John Hardyng’s Chronicle makes him son of Igerne (making him Arthur’s half-brother)
Ruler of Cornwall
Marries a sister or half-sister of Arthur
Father of Constantine
Geoffrey of Monmouth tells us

Cador is of Roman stock
Guinevere is raised in his household (from which Thomas Hughes seems to assume that he is Guinevere’s father)

Assists Arthur

In Battle against Scots at Lake Lomond
In battles against Saxons

Kills the Saxon leader Cheldric at the Isle of Thanet
Helps Arthur in campaigns against Gaul and Rome

After the first battle of the war, Cador escorts the prisoners captured to the prison in Paris
The Emperor’s men lay in ambush to capture the prisoners, but Cador and Lancelot, with their knights, slay them all
As the commander of the rear guard at the battle of Soissons, Cador helps Arthur to finally defeat Lucius

Is killed fighting Mordred’s army at Camlann
His son, Constantine, inherits Arthur’s throne
Separate in Malory as

Sir Carados of Cornwall
Sir Cador of Cornwall
There is some indication that Malory means Carados and this Cador to be the same person

Appears in

Vita Sancti Carantoci (Life of Saint Carannog/Carantoc(k)) (c AD 1100)
Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Regum Britanniæ (History of Kings of Britain), or De Gestis Britonum (Of Deeds of Britons) (AD 1136/1138/1139)
Breuddwyd/Breudwyt Rhonabwy (Dream of Rhonabwy) (late Twelfth/early Thirteenth Century AD)
Layamon’s Brut (Brutus, or The Chronicle of Britain) (AD 1209/1215)
(Geraint/)Gereint ac Enid) ((Geraint/)Gereint and Enid) (Thirteenth Century AD)
Alliterative Morte Arthure (Alliterative Death of Arthur) (c AD 1400)
John Hardyng’s John Hardyng’s Chronicle (AD 1457/1464)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)
Thomas Hughes’ The Misfortunes of Arthur (AD 1587)

[Known historical personages]
- [Earl Cadwr/Cador of Cornwall]
- [Cadwy/Cado ap Geraint/Gerren Llyngesoc]

“Sir Tor”

Sir T(h)or(s)/(Es)torz/Cort/Torfilaret/(‘Tor fils Aret’)/(Tor son of Ares)(/Orphylet)
Son of

(King) Ar(a)s/Ar(i)es/Aret, in

Chrétien de Troyes’ Érec et Énide
Renaut/Renaud/Renals de Bâgé/Beaujeu/Biauju’s Le Bel Inconnu
Ulrich von Zatzikhoven’s Lanzelet
Le Romanz du Reis Yder
Vulgate Lancelot Propre

King Pellinore (with Ar(i)es the Shepherd as his adoptive father), in

Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin
Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose
Malory

Appears in Ulrich von Zatzikhoven’s Lanzelet as Torfilaret (‘Tor fils Aret’, or Tor son of Ares)

A Welsh prince and companion of Lancelot
Whose wife is proven unfaithful by a magic mantle

Also appearing in Lanzelet, Orp(h)(y/i)let the Fair may be identical to Tor

A Knight who is encountered by Lancelot early in his adventures
Lancelot comes across Orphilet and Sir Kuraus fighting in a clearing
They are both ready to collapse from exhaustion, and Lancelot makes them stop fighting
The three knights go together to the castle of Moreiz, where they enjoy the hospitality of Lord Galagandreiz
Galagandreiz is of uneven disposition, and Orphilet fears him
For this reason, he declines to sleep with Galagandreiz’s daughter when she offers herself to him
At the end of their adventure, Orphilet asks Lancelot to accompany him to King Arthur’s court, but Lancelot declines
A knight later in the poem is called Torfilaret, but it is uncertain if Ulrich means to signify the same knight

It is relatively certain that Ulrich took the character from a archetypal French Lancelot tale that formed the basis for Lanzelet
Suite du Merlin, which contains the longest account of Tor’s adventures,

Tells us that King Pellinore fathers Tor on Ares the Cowherd’s wife (making Tor the half-brother of Perceval)
Ares, ignorant of this fact, brings Tor before Arthur and asks Arthur to make him a Knight
Unlike his twelve brothers in stature and demeanour, Tor has no interest the ways of a labourer
Arthur knights him, and Merlin reveals his true paternity
His first quest involves the recovery of a white brachet stolen from Arthur’s hall by Sir Abelleus, who Tor eventually beheads
Arthur appoints him to the Round Table after the battle of Humber
He is killed fighting Lancelot and his men when Lancelot comes to rescue Queen Guinevere from the stake

Malory tells an almost identical story,

Tor’s many siblings include Aglovale, Drian, Lamorak, Percival, and Dindrane
He is born when Pellinore sleeps with his mother “half by force”,

She marries Aries shortly afterward
Here Aries is not a king, but a shepherd

The young Tor is also raised as a shepherd but dreams of becoming a knight
His parents take him to a teenage King Arthur,

Who makes the boy one of his first knights
In recognition of his qualities

Later Merlin reveals Tor’s true parentage

Pellinore embraces his son
Neither Aries nor his wife seem offended

Tor distinguishes himself at the wedding feast of Arthur and Guinevere

When he takes up a quest to retrieve a mysterious white brachet hound
That had come into the court

Tor and his brother Aglovale are present among the knights charged by Arthur with guarding the execution of Guinevere
They both die when Lancelot and his followers rescue the Queen

Appears in

Chrétien de Troyes’ Érec et Énide (Geraint and Enid) (c AD 1170)
Renaut/Renaud/Renals de Bâgé/Beaujeu/Biauju’s Le Bel Inconnu, or Li Biaus Descouneüs (The Fair Unknown) (AD 1185/1190)
Ulrich von Zatzikhoven’s Lanzelet (Lancelot) (c AD 1200)
Le Romanz du Reis Yder, or Roman de Yder, or Roman d’Yder (Romance of (the King) Yder) (AD 1210)
Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin (Story of Merlin) (AD 1220/1230s/1235)
Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose (Prose Tristan) (AD 1225-1235, AD 1276)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

Roger Sherman Loomis speculates that his character originated ultimately with the boar Twrch Trwyth in Welsh legend
His symbolic namesake, Le Tor of Scotland, is featured in the story of Sebille within Perceforest (AD 1330/1344)

“Sir Constantine”

§Sir Duke (Constantine (III))/(Constantyn)/(Co(n)staunce)/(Costauns)/(Custennin)
King of Britain who succeeded Arthur
Son of Sir Cador/Carados of Cornwall
Knight and Arthur’s cousin or nephew
Arthur leaves him as regent of Britain when he leaves to fight the Roman War, and Constantine is therefore in position for the crown when Arthur dies without an heir
Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Regum Britanniæ says that Arthur gives him the crown after the battle of Camlann, of which Arthur and Constantine are the only survivours

He faces problems with Saxons and the two sons of Mordred, but is able to overcome them
When Mordred’s sons take refuge in churches, Constantine pursues them and kills them before the altars
“Smitten by God’s judgement” for this sacrilege, Constantine is killed by his nephew Conan, who succeeds him

In Jean d’Ou(t)remeuse’s/(des Preis’) Ly Myreur des Histors, it is Lancelot who places Constantine on the throne
Malory reports that he

Is a good King
Restores Archbishop of Canterbury to his diocese
Restores order to the realm

Separate in Malory as

Sir Constantine — son of Cador of Cornwall
Sir Constantine — son of Carados of Cornwall

There is some indication that Cador and this Carados are the same person
Appears in

Gildas’/Gyldus’ [III] De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniæ (On Ruin and Conquest of Britain) (after AD 559 (572/573), possibly as late as AD 598)
Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Regum Britanniæ (History of Kings of Britain), or De Gestis Britonum (Of Deeds of Britons) (AD 1136/1138/1139)
Robert Wace of Jersey’s Roman de Brut (Romance of Brutus, or A History of the British); or Geste des Bretons (Deeds of the British/Britons/Bretons);
or Brut d’Engleterre (Brutus of England); or Roman des Rois d’Angleterre (Romance of Kings of England) (AD 1155)
Layamon’s Brut (Brutus, or The Chronicle of Britain) (AD 1209/1215)
Jean d’Ou(t)remeuse’s/(des Preis’) Ly Myreur des Histors (The Mirror of Histories) (c AD 1350)
Giovanni Boccaccio’s De Casibus Virorum Illustrium (On Fate of Illustrious Men) (AD 1355/1362)
Alliterative Morte Arthure (Alliterative Death of Arthur) (c AD 1400)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

[Constantine III/Corneu (Custennin III)/Constantinus)* is a known historical personage]

Son of Cador(ius)/Cadwr, son of Gwryon/Goryon/Gourles/Gorloïs/Gorla(i)s/Gorlens/Gorlodubnus/Gorloys/Gothlois(/Hoel) and Eigr/Ygraine
Born AD (490/)510/520/525
Reigned c AD 530 to AD 560, or AD 530 to AD 540, or AD 537 to AD 538
King of Dumnonia, or of the Damnonii of the (Hen Ogledd)/(Old North)
Died 9 Mar AD 546/576/589
*[this (Constantine (III/Corneu))/(Custennin III)/Constantinus may be a conflated personage]

“Sir Lanval”

Sir Lanval/La(u)nfal(le)/Landeval(e/l)/Lam(be)well/Lenval/Linval/Gauriel von Muntabel with the Fairy Lance
Lanval was a gracious and generous knight who was appointed as ‘steward’ of Arthur’s other knights
Lanval disliked Queen Guinevere

For her numerous infidelities
She overtly returned the disdain

He made an excuse to leave Arthur’s court and went to Caerleon

Where he lived for a year
But fell into debt

Eventually,

He became so poor and depraved that everyone in Caerleon made fun of him
He left Caerleon to seek adventures

He came upon a pavilion in a forest

Where he met a beautiful and mysterious maiden named Triamour
He immediately fell in love with her

Triamour gave him

A horse
A servant
A banner
An unlimited amount of gold
A suit of armour
An enchantment which insured that Lanval would not be harmed in joust or duel

In return,

Lanval had to love Triamour exclusively
Had to agree not to tell anyone about their relationship

When Lanval returned to Caerleon rich and powerful, he suddenly found himself with a lot of friends
A tournament was held in his honour, which he won
A Knight in Lombardy named Valentyne heard of Lanval’s prowess and offered a joust
Lanval travelled to the city of Atalye in Lombardy and killed Valentyne
Throughout all of these adventures, Lanval continued his relationship with Triamour, whom he had to meet in secret
Eventually,

Arthur heard of his knight’s adventures
Asked him to come back to court

Lanval complied and returned to merriment at Arthur’s court in Cardiff
While he was there, Queen Guinevere tried to seduce him
Lanval rebuked her advances and said that he loved a fairy woman whose ugliest servant was more beautiful than her
Guinevere, furious,

Went to Arthur
Told of Lanval’s boast
Said that Lanval had made advances on her

Arthur swore to kill Lanval
Meanwhile,

All of the items and enchantments that Lanval had received from Triamour disappeared
As he had broken his promise by telling Guinevere of his love for the enchantress

Arthur captured Lanval

Set up a royal court to judge the knight
The court decided that Guinevere was probably at fault

The royal court said

Lanval simply had to bring his lover to the court and prove her existence
Otherwise, he would have to be hanged

They gave him a year and two weeks to find Triamour and bring her back to Cardiff
Lanval was unable to find Triamour in the given time
When he returned to Cardiff,

Arthur demanded that Lanval be hanged
Members of Arthur’s court argued instead that Lanval should be sent into exile

As they debated, Triamour arrived at court with her servants, and their radiant beauty proved that Lanval’s claim had been a true one
Lanval and Triamour left together for Triamour’s land, where they lived happily ever after
Appears as

Lanval in Marie de France’s Le Lai de Monsieur Lanval (The Lay of Sir Launfal/Lanval) (mid/late Twelfth Century AD)
Gauriel von Muntabel in Der Stricker’s Daniel von dem blühenden Tal (Daniel of the Blooming Valley) (AD 1210/1225)
Lanval (mentioned once) in Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin (Story of Merlin) (AD 1220/1230s/1235) as a Knight who fights in a tournament at Carhaix
Gauriel von Muntabel in Konrad von Stoffeln’s Gauriel von Muntabel (Lanval of Muntabel, popularly known as The Knight with the Goat) (late Thirteenth Century AD)
Landeval in Sir Landeval (early/mid Fourteenth Century AD)
Launfal in Thomas Chestre’s Sir Launfal (late Fourteenth Century AD)
Lam(be)well in Sir Lambewell (Sixteenth Century AD)

Lanval’s story was grafted onto

Graelent in Marie de France’s Le Lai de Grælent (The Lay of Grælent) (mid/late Twelfth Century AD)
Gawain in (La) Pulzella Gaia ((The) Maiden Merry) (AD 1350/1375)

Echoes of the tale appear in Der Pleier’s Meleranz (AD 1240/1270)

“Sir Palamedes”

Sir Duke Palom(e/i/y)des/Palamide(s/z)(so)/Palamede(s)/Palemedes/Plomyd(e) of Provence
(Li Sarradins)/(The Saracen)
Unbaptised
Son of King Esclabor
His first appearances are in Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal, Palamedes, and Prose Tristan
He was commonly known as ‘Knight of the Questing Beast’, Questing Beast being a “demon” that Palamedes pursued throughout his career
Palamedes’ nobility and prowess were almost unsurpassed
His many brothers included Safir and (in Malory) Seguarades
His sister was named Florine
Like Tristan,

Palamedes loved Isolde
Which leads to a number of tense situations between the two knights
Who otherwise respect and admire each other

Among other offenses,

Palamedes kidnaps Isolde after returning Brangain, Isolde’s maidservant
Whom he had found in a forest (this abduction replaces one by Gandin in Gottfried’s version)
On this occasion, as in others, Tristan and Palamedes clashed in battle over Isolde’s love

After these battles, the two knights generally reconciled but remained bitter
In various adventures,

Palamedes championed a lady against the evil Sir Gonereys
Won the love of the King of Baghdad’s daughter by killing a malicious knight named Corsabrin
Avenged the murder of King Armant of the Red City
Defeated Sir Atamas at the Spring of Healing
Freed the Giant’s Tower
Helped repel King Mark’s invasion of Logres

In culmination of a life-long quest,

He slew the Questing Beast
At the Lake of the Beast

He continually refused baptism until Galahad defeated him

And forced him to become a Christian as a condition of his surrender
In Malory, his baptism follows a final battle and reconciliation with Tristan

He was present at Corbenic for the completion of the Grail Quest
Accounts of his ultimate fate vary

Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal tells us
- Shortly after the Grail Quest
- He was slain by Gawain
- Causing his father to commit suicide
In Malory,

He helps Lancelot rescue Guinevere from the stake
For which Lancelot makes him Duke of Provence

In (I) Due Tristani,

He tries to abduct Isolde, daughter of Tristan and Isolde
Is slain in the attempt by Palante, Tristan’s cousin

In P(r)ovest′ o Tryshchane,

He receives a mortal wound
From Tristan at the Castle of the Foul Heathen

Appears in

Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1230/1240)
Palamedes (c AD 1240)
Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose (Prose Tristan) (AD 1225-1235, AD 1276)
Tristano Riccardiano (Riccardian Tristan) (late Thirteenth Century AD)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)
(I) Due Tristani ((The) Two Tristans) (AD 1555)
P(r)ovest′ o Tryshchane, or Povest o Trištanu i Ižoti, or Trysčan (Romance of Tristan, or Romance of Tristan and Isolde, or Tristan) (c AD 1580)

“Sir Galehaut”

Sir Duke/King/(Haut Prince) Galeho(l)t/Gal(l)(e)ha(u)(l)t/Galaha(l/u)t/Galohalt/Galahad/Galahaus/Galaous/Galeus/Galaho(s/t)/Galyot/Gal(a)(i)ot(os)/Gale(o)tto
Galehaut’s lands are variously called Sorelois, Estregor, and Distant (Long) Isles
Son of Sir Br(e)unor(o) lo Bruno (the Brown) and Bagotta the Beautiful Giantess

His mother is called Beautiful Giantess (named in La Tavola Ritonda as Bagotta)
His father (supplied by Tristan en Prose) is a giant named Sir Br(e)unor(o) lo Bruno (the Brown)

Br(e)unor(o) inhabits Castello del Proro (Chastel des Pleurs, Castle Pleure, Castle of Tears, or Weeping Castle) on Giant’s Isle, customs of which drive Galehaut away from home to seek his own kingdom
A noble, imperialistic Knight who first shows up in Lancelot do Lac
He has a significant role in first half of Vulgate Lancelot Propre, which is somewhat muted in Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose, and then changed markedly by Malory
Later romances tend to minimise the importance of his character

Tristano Riccardiano says that he dies of wounds received in his fight with Tristan at the Castle of Tears
In contrast to the earlier romances,

Malory gives Galehaut the “High Prince” a somewhat wicked character

Eliminating his friendship with Lancelot
Including a plot by Galehaut and Bagdemagus, jealous of Lancelot’s prowess, to kill him

In Malory, Galehaut opposes Arthur in two tournaments, at Sorelois and Leverzep

His sister is called Delice or Riccarda
Galehaut conquers a number of Kings including

Bagdemagus
King with a Hundred Knights
First Conquered King
King from Beyond Borders of Galone
King Gloeir of Sorelois

Gloeir he kills, seising Sorelois, but he looks after Gloeir’s orphaned daughter
Tristan slays his father, for which Galehaut tries to seek revenge but later relents
In time, he decides to conquer Arthur, and attacks the Land of Selice, which is under Arthur’s protection
Arthur has difficulty summoning all of his men to the battle site, but a mysterious “Red Knight” (Lancelot in disguise) and Gawain save the day for Arthur
In the meantime, Galehaut realises that he would defeat Arthur from sheer force of his numbers, and decides to give Arthur a year to gather his entire army before attacking again
A year later,

The two kings meet again in battle
But Galehaut still has the greater number of men
Would have won almost immediately if it were not for Gawain and a “Black Knight” (Lancelot, again, in disguise) fighting on Arthur’s side

Galehaut so admires the deeds of the Black Knight that he meets him after the battle and begs him to lodge with him that night
Lancelot agrees after extracting a promise from Galehaut to surrender to Arthur the following day
Galehaut consents, and peace is made between the two Kings
Lancelot and Galehaut become fast friends, accompanying each other on a series of adventures both in Arthur’s lands and Galehaut’s
When Lancelot is made a Knight, Galehaut requests the same honour so that he might remain Lancelot’s companion
Journeying through his own land, Galehaut notices that all his castles are crumbling
He has a disturbing dream, which his sages interpret as meaning that Lancelot would cause his death
Eventually, Galehaut receives a false report that Lancelot has been killed in Forest of Adventures
He is so depressed from this report that he wastes away and dies
Galehodin becomes his heir
Appears in

Lancelot do Lac (Lancelot of the Lake) (AD 1215/1220)
Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose (Prose Tristan) (AD 1225-1235, AD 1276)
Conti di Antichi Cavalier(i) (Tales of the Knights of Old) (late Thirteenth Century AD)
Tristano Riccardiano (Riccardian Tristan) (late Thirteenth Century AD)
La Tavola Ritonda (The Round Table) (AD 1325/1350)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

“Sir Segwarides”

Sir Lord Segwarides/Se(g/c)u(a)r(ad)e(s/z)/Seguradés of Servage
Son of

Tarsin of Sorelois, in Palamedes
Saracen King Esclabor, in Malory

Brother of

Palamedes
Safir

It is possible

There may have been originally two characters of this name
But the stories in which they appear fail to differentiate between them

First appears as Segures in Renaut/Renaud/Renals de Bâgé’s/Beaujeu’s/Biauju’s Le Bel Inconnu
Becomes a liegeman of King Mark
In Vulgate Lancelot Propre,

He loves the lady of Roestoc
Wishes to marry her
She does not reciprocate his feelings
He declares war on her
The Lady of Roestoc was championed by Gawain, who defeated Seguarades in single combat

Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin relates how he

Fights alongside the northern kings in the early Saxon Wars
Participates in a quest to learn the fate of Merlin

In Prose Tristan and Malory, he is married

Is cuckolded by both Tristan and Bleoberis
Both knights defeat Seguarades in personal combat over his own wife
When given the choice, she chooses to return to Seguarades

Malory tells us that he is a moor

Unlike Palamedes, Seguarades is christened
He fights in the Castle Perilous tournament
Segwarides encounters Tristan on the Isle of Servage
He forgives Tristan for Tristan’s affair with his wife, saying he “will never hate a noble knight for a light lady”
The two team up to avoid the dangers of the Isle
He helps Tristan defeat the Giant Nabon the Black, Ruler of the Isle
Tristan gives the Isle to Seguarades, making him Lord of Servage
Is eventually killed attempting to repel Lancelot’s rescue of Guinevere from the stake

Appears in

Renaut/Renaud/Renals de Bâgé’s/Beaujeu’s/Biauju’s Le Bel Inconnu, or Li Biaus Descouneüs (The Fair Unknown) (AD 1185/1190)
Lancelot do Lac (Lancelot of the Lake) (AD 1215/1220)
Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin (Story of Merlin) (AD 1220/1230s/1235)
Palamedes (c AD 1240)
Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose (Prose Tristan) (AD 1225-1235, AD 1276)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

“Sir Lamorak”

Sir Lamora(c)(k)(ke)/Lamorant/Lamera(c)k(e)/Lamero(c)k(e)/Lamora(n)t/Amorotto
of Listenois
of/de Gaul/Wales/Galis/Gales
One of the three Bravest Knights

Malory refers to him as Arthur’s third best knight, only inferior to Lancelot and Tristan
Tristan en Prose names his as one of the top five

Son of King Pellinore
Brother of Aglovale, Drian, Percival, and Tor
His siblings may also include Grail maiden Dindrane
Nephew of Lamorat de Listenois
Named after this uncle, who in his time had been one of the best knights of King Arthur’s father Uther Pendragon
Gains fame for

His strength
Fiery temper
Feats of martial prowess, such as fighting off at least thirty knights by himself on more than one occasion

Lamorak’s adventures often involve the Cornish prince Tristan,

First as his mortal enemy
Later turned his best friend

His death comes from how his father Pellinore, one of King Arthur’s earliest royal allies, had once killed the rebellious King Lot of Orkney in battle

Ten years later, Lot’s sons Gawain and Gaheris retaliate by slaying Pellinore in a duel
Lamorak, who meanwhile has joined Lot’s sons at the Round Table, inflames the families’ blood feud by having an affair with Lot’s widow, Morgause
Morgause’s son Gaheris catches the lovers in flagrante delicto while staying at Gawain’s estate and promptly beheads her, letting her unarmed lover go
Lamorak reappears at a tournament and explains the situation to Arthur,

Rejects the king’s promise of protection at his court
and enforcement of a truce between the two royal families

When Lamorak rides off alone, he is ambushed in a wood by Gawain and Gaheris along with their brothers Agravain and Mordred, who had just killed Drian
Together, the four unfairly fight him all at once for hours
Ultimately, it is Mordred who delivers a fatal blow on Lamorak from behind, after which Gawain beheads him

Arthur learns of the murder and the suspicion falls on the Orkney brothers
Lamorak’s cousin, named Avarlon in Post-Vulgate Cycle and Pinel le Savage in Malory, later attempts to avenge Lamorak’s murder by poisoning Gawain at Queen Guinevere’s dinner party

However, the poison is accidentally taken by another knight (Gaheris of Carhaix/de Karaheu, unrelated to Lot), whose brother Mador de la Porte then blames the queen and demands Arthur to have her executed
Guinevere is saved when Lancelot fights Mador as her champion while the sorceress Nimue uncovers the truth behind the incident

The Italian La Tavola Ritonda features his uncle named Lamorat de Listenois, a brother of Pellinore

He helps Tristan escape from the castle of the lustful fairy enchantress Medea
Is later accidentally killed by Dinadan’s father (known as the Good Knight Without Fear) when the latter mistakes him for his enemy

Appears in

Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin (Continuation of Merlin, or The Merlin Continuation) (AD 1230/1240)
Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1230/1240)
Palamedes (c AD 1240)
Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose (AD 1225-1235, AD 1276)
La Tavola Ritonda (The Round Table) (AD 1325/1350)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

“Sir Dinadan”

Sir D(i/y)nada(n/m)(o)/Dinadeira/Divdan
Son of King Brunor le Noir, Bon Chevalier sans Peur (Good Knight without Fear)
His brother, Sir Br(e)unor le Noir(e), is Le Vallet à la Cote Mal Tailliée (The Knight of the Ill-Fitting Coat)
La Tavola Ritonda assigns him another brother named Daniello (Daniel), who betrays Guinevere and Lancelot to Arthur
A Knight who appears first in Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal as one of the Knights embarking on the Grail Quest
His first significant appearance is in Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose
Reputed as a humourist and a practical joker,

Dinadan questions the conventions of Knighthood

Idea of courtly love
Notion of Knights battling for no reason other than one challenging the other or insulting each other’s honour

In La Tavola, he says “Shame is a bad thing, but a wound is worse”

While Tristan en Prose and Malory tend to use Dinadan for comic relief, in Tavola

He is darkly critical of his companions’ behaviour
Struggles bitterly against love of any kind

He is known as a noble and courageous warrior

Does not hesitate to use his sword to right wrongs
Upholds the values of the Round Table

Most of his adventures are had in the company of Tristan
Though Tristan’s actions do not escape Dinadan’s ridicule, Dinadan recognises him as one of the noblest knights
He has few enemies

He is contemptuous of King Mark of Cornwall
Writes a popular song insulting the monarch

A victorious encounter with Mordred and Agravain sparks a resentment that leads to Dinadan’s murder by these brothers during the Grail Quest
Palamedes buries him in Camelot
Appears in

Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1230/1240)
Palamedes (c AD 1240)
Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose (AD 1225-1235, AD 1276)
Girart d’Amiens’ (Der Roman von) Escanor (c AD 1280)
La Tavola Ritonda (The Round Table) (AD 1325/1350)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

“Count Lambale”

Earl/Count (of) Lamba(y)l(e)/Lambaile/Lambel(l)e
Lambale is a land ruled by King Amant, an enemy of Arthur
A “Count of Lambale” appears at the Sorelois tournament in Palamedes,
But in Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose, the Count himself is named Lambale
Appears in

Lancelot do Lac (Lancelot of the Lake) (AD 1215/1220)
Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin (Story of Merlin) (AD 1220/1230s/1235)
Palamedes (c AD 1240)
Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose (Prose Tristan) (AD 1225-1235, AD 1276)
(Of) Arthour and (of) Merlin ((Of) Arthur and (of) Merlin) (late Thirteenth Century AD)

“Sir Ector”

Sir (H)ector(ius)/Anto(u)r(e)/Anton/Entor
King Arthur’s Foster-Father

In Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin
In Malory

In Robert de Boron’s Merlin and Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin, he is called Antor
Father of Arthur’s seneschal, Kay
Merlin considers him a good and honourable man

Gives him the infant Arthur
Tells Ector to raise him as his own son

Uther gives Ector great wealth for this favour
When Arthur is sixteen

Ector takes him and Kay to the Sword-in-the-Stone tournament
Where Arthur accidentally removes the sword, proving his true heritage

Kay tries to take credit for the deed, but Ector compels Kay to reveal the truth
He asks Arthur to make Kay his seneschal, and Arthur complies
Ector assists Arthur

In the Battle of Bedegraine against the rebelling kings
In the war against the Saxons

Appears in

Robert de Boron’s Merlin (AD 1191/1195/1202/1210)
Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin (Story of Merlin) (AD 1220/1230s/1235)
Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin (Continuation of Merlin, or The Merlin Continuation) (AD 1230/1240)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

“Sir Marrok”

Sir Marro(c)k(e)/Merrak/Mewreke
A Knight who participated in the Roman War
Also fought in the war against Mordred’s insurrection
Malory tells us that his wife betrayed him, turning him into a werewolf for seven years
Mordred killed him in battle
May be identical with or influenced by Melion of the Mountain
Appears in

Alliterative Morte Arthure (Alliterative Death of Arthur) (c AD 1400)
Syre Gawene and the Carle of Carlyle (Sir Gawain and the Carl/Churl of Carlisle) (c AD 1400)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)
The Carle off Carlisle (early Sixteenth Century AD)

“Sir Alain the White”

Sir (H)ely(a)n(e)/Hel(l)(a)in(e)(s)/Heylan/Helaym/Helyam/(H)elia(n/s)/Alain
(Le/li Blanc/Blans/Blank)/(the White/Pale)
Son of Sir Bors the Younger and Claire (daughter of King Brandegoris of Estrangorre)

Begotten after Claire
Seduces Bors with a magic ring

Alain arrives at Arthur’s court just before the Grail Quest and is Knighted by his father
He joins the Round Table shortly afterward
During the Grail Quest,

He travels with Gawain and Hector
Witnesses a marvelous vision at the Ancient Chapel

He is present at Corbenic when Galahad completes the quest
He eventually becomes Emperor of Constantinople
Appears in

Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1230/1240)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

“Glewlwyd”

Glewl(w/e)yd/(brave grey)
(Gafae Ifawr)/(Gavaelvawr)/(Mighty Grasp/Grip)
One of the three Irresistible/Offensive Knights — so large, strong, and savage that no one dared refuse him anything
An obstructive gatekeeper

In Pa Gur/Gwr yv Y Porthaur?, he refuses Arthur entry into a keep, which prompts Arthur and his companions to recount the various adventures of Arthur’s warriors
In Culhwch ac Olwen, he becomes Arthur’s chief gatekeeper, blocking Culhwch’s admission to Arthur’s court during a feast

We learn that he is served by Gryn, Gogyfwlch, Gwrddnei Cat Eye, Drem, Clust, Llaesgymyn, Huandaw, Gogigwr, and Penpingyon
Glewlwyd participates in the hunt for Twrch Trwyth, where he loses all of his servants except for Llaesgymyn

Appears in

Culhwch ac Olwen (Culhwch/Kilhwch and Olwen/Olwyn) (AD 990/1100)
Pa Gur/Gwr yv Y Porthaur?, or Arthur a Y Porthaur, or Ymddiddan Arthur a Glewlwyd Gafælfawr (What Man is The Gatekeeper/Porter?,
     or Arthur and The Gatekeeper/Porter, or Dialogue of Arthur and Glewlwyd Gafælfawr),
     or A dialogue between Arthur and Glewlwyd/Glewleyd Gavælvawr/Mighty(-)Grasp,
     otherwise known as Dialogue with Glewlwyd (c AD 1100)
Trioedd Ynys Prydein/Prydain (Triads of British Isle, or Welsh Triads) (Eleventh/(late Thirteenth)/Fourteenth Centuries AD)
(Geraint/)Gereint ac Enid) ((Geraint/)Gereint and Enid) (Thirteenth Century AD)
Owain, neu (Chwedyl) Iarlles y Ffynnon/Ffynnawn (Owain, or the Lady of the Fountain) (Thirteenth Century AD)

“Sir Balin”

Sir Balyn/Balin/Balaa(i)n/Valin/Varlan
Le Savage
(The) Knight with/of (the) Two Swords
Ill-fated Arthurian Knight who delivers the Dolorous Stroke to King Pellam and slays his own brother, Balan
Originates with Varlan, the King who strikes the Dolorous Stroke in Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal
His story is told primarily in Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin and Malory

A “poor knight” born in Northumberland
Balin has the misfortune of killing a cousin of King Arthur in battle
After serving a year and a half in Arthur’s prison, he finds it difficult to regain his status as a Knight and goes around dressed in beggar’s clothing
He finally wins honour when he alone is able (above all of Arthur’s other Knights) to draw a sword from a scabbard sent by Lady Lyle of Avalon
When Lyle’s messenger asks Balin to return the sword, Balin refuses, and the Lady promises that the weapon will cause him great sorrow
The Lady of the Lake arrives at court and asks Arthur for the heads of Balin and Lyle’s messenger, citing wrongs they have committed against her family
Balin has his own grievance against the Lady of the Lake:

She has killed his mother and a number of noble knights
Moments after Arthur refuses the Lady’s gruesome request, Balin beheads her, incurring Arthur’s wrath again, and is exiled

On the road away from Camelot, he is challenged by a Knight named Launceor, who is jealous of Balin’s prowess and who has obtained Arthur’s permission to ride after him
Balin kills Launceor in the first joust
Launceor’s lover, Colombe, arrives and, finding her paramour dead, impales herself on his sword as Balin watches in horror
Determined to regain the King’s favour, Balin hatches a plot to assassinate King Rions of North Wales, who has gone to war against Arthur in order to obtain his beard
He soon meets up with his brother Balan, who agrees to help him
They encounter Merlin, who shows them King Rions on his way to his lover’s bedside
The brothers ambush Rions, capture him, and drag him off to King Arthur
They subsequently assist Arthur in Battle of Tarabel against Kings Lot and Nero

Late in Malory, Sir Lamorat claims that Balin killed Lot
A deed formerly attributed to King Pellinore

Arthur praises their skill and welcomes them back to his court
As Balan embarks on his own adventures, Balin finds himself pursuing an invisible Knight named Garlon, who happens to be the brother of King Pellam, the Grail King

Using his invisibility as a weapon, Garlon murders two Knights (Sir Harlews and Sir Peryn) right in front of Balin
Balin catches up with Garlon during a great feast at King Pellam’s castle
He is hesitant about whether to confront Garlon in the middle of Pellam’s hall
Garlon makes the decision easy by smacking Balin in the back of the head, which Balin repays with a single deadly blow

Pellam is furious and attacks Balin, shattering Balin’s sword

The King then chases Balin all around his castle, as Balin desperately runs from room to room, looking for a weapon
Finding a spear next to a prostrate body in a bedchamber, Balin picks it up and thrusts it into Pellam
Little did Balin know that his unworthy hands have hefted the holy Bleeding Lance, the spear with which the Roman soldier Longinus had stabbed Jesus Christ on the cross
Known as the Dolorous Stroke, the blow causes Pellam’s castle to crumble and causes the surrounding land, Listenois, to become the Waste Land
Merlin pulls Balin from the rubble and sends him on his way

After leaving the Waste Land, Balin encounters Sir Garnysh of the Mount, a despondent lover

Determined to do something right, Balin encourages the sad Knight to visit his paramour’s nearby castle
Upon arrival, they find the woman in the arms of another man
Garnysh slays her, curses Balin, and kills himself

Coming finally to an island castle, Balin agrees to help the residents by dueling a fierce Knight who guards a bridge to the island

He accepts a new shield for the fight
Unknown to Balin, the guardian is his own brother, who fails to recognise Balin because of the new shield
The brothers fight savagely for hours, learning each other’s identity only after they are both mortally wounded

They die alongside each other and are buried in the same tomb

Merlin sticks Balin’s cursed sword into a block of marble and sets it afloat
The same sword is drawn by Galahad at the beginning of the Grail Quest

(Tennyson portrays Balin as a Knight eternally struggling against the “chained rage, which ever yelped within him”

*Ttries to emulate Lancelot, whom he sees as gentle, and he has the Queen’s crown engraved on his shield to remind him to act courtly rather than brutal
Upon learning of their infidelity from Vivien, his savagery runs wild and he destroys his shield
When his brother Balan sees him trampling the Queen’s crown, he attacks, leading to the same tragic results)

Appears im

Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin (Continuation of Merlin, or The Merlin Continuation) (AD 1230/1240)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)
(Baron Alfred Lord Tennyson’s Idylls of the King)

“Sir Safir”

Sir Duke Safir(e)/Safer(e)/Saphar of Landok/Languedoc
Youngest Son of Saracen King Esclabor
Brother of Palamedes, Florine, and (in Malory) Seguarades
Name is included on the Winchester Round Table as Safer
Safir usually appears alongside his brother Palamedes
In judicial combat at Arthur’s court,

He kills the Count of the Plank
His father’s mortal enemy

He participates in the Grail Quest
In one story,

Safir disguises himself as Ector de Maris
Fights with Helior le Preuse
Defeats him
Wins Espinogres’ Lady

Vowing to defend the Lady’s honour,

Palamedes arrives and locks swords with Safir
Not realising it is his brother
After fighting for an hour to a standstill
Both are impressed with each other’s prowess and skill
Decide to ask the other’s identity
Safir is devastated to find that he is fighting with his own brother
Asks Palamedes for forgiveness
Together, they return the Lady to Espinogres

After the affair between Lancelot and Guinevere is exposed,

Safir and Palamedes join Lancelot’s side in the ensuing civil war between Lancelot and King Arthur
When they are banished to Lancelot’s homeland in Gaul
Safir is made Duke of Landok/Languedoc while Palamedes becomes Duke of Provence

Appears in

Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose (Prose Tristan) (AD 1225-1235, AD 1276)
Richart d’Irlande’s Les Prophecies de Merlin (AD 1272/1279)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

“Sir Drian”

Sir King D(o/a/u)(r)n(a/o/u)r(d)(e)/Doryan/Dr(y/i)a(u)n(t/s)/Tr(y/i)an/Adrian/Brian of the North
Illegitimate Son of King Pellinore, and Ar(i/y)es’ Wife
Brother of Perceval, Lamorat, Aglovale, Alain, and Tor
The bulk of his adventures are found in Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose

With his brother Alain, he guards a bridge and jousts with all passers-by
He defeats King Mark of Cornwall in combat
Visits Mark’s court with his brother Lamorat and defeats all of Mark’s Knights except for Tristan
An ongoing feud between Pellinore’s clan and Gawain’s family eventually leads to Drian to be attacked by Agravain, Mordred, and Gawain
After Drain defeats the first two, he is mortally wounded by Gawain
His brother Lamorat dies trying to avenge him

Separate in Malory as

Sir D(o/a/u)(r)n(a/o/u)r(d)(e)

Son of King Pellinore
Killed by Gawain’s kin

Sir Dr(y/i)a(u)n(t/s)

Visits Mark’s court with Lamorat
Is eventually killed when Lancelot rescues Guinevere from the stake

Sir Tr(y/i)an (with his brother Alain)

Guards a bridge
Jousts with all passers-by

Appears in

Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin (Continuation of Merlin, or The Merlin Continuation) (AD 1230/1240)
Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose (Prose Tristan) (AD 1225-1235, AD 1276)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

“Sir Cynon”

Sir Cyn(a/o)n
One of the three Counsellor Knights
Son of Clydno Eiden
(A)neirin/Aneurin of the Votadini’s Y Guotoðin

Places Cynon at Battle of Catraeth c AD 600
Lists him as one of the few survivours

Englyn(n)ion y Beddau/Bedeu puts his grave at Llanbadarn
In Trioedd Ynys Prydein/Prydain, he falls in love with Urien’s daughter Morfudd
In Owain, neu (Chwedyl) Iarlles y Ffynnon/Ffynnawn

While young, arrogant, and in search of adventure,

Cynon enters a strange Earldom
Is directed to an enchanted fountain

Performing a certain ritual at the fountain

Causes a hailstorm so strong it would kill anyone caught outside
Brings the Lord of the Region to the fountain to do battle with the brash warrior who has dared to cause the storm

Cynon performs the ritual, and is defeated by the Ruler in combat
When he returns to Arthur’s court, his tale inspires Owain to set out in search of the same adventure
This role is taken by Calogrenant in other versions of the story

Appears in

(A)neirin/Aneurin of the Votadini’s Y Guotoðin (The Gododdin: The Votadini) (c AD 600)c
Englyn(n)ion y Beddau/Bedeu (Stanzas/Verses of the Graves), or Beddau Milwyr Ynys Prydain (Graves of Warriors of Isle of Britain) (Tenth/Eleventh/Thirteenth Century AD)
Trioedd Ynys Prydein/Prydain (Triads of British Isle, or Welsh Triads) (Eleventh/(late Thirteenth)/Fourteenth Centuries AD)
Owain, neu (Chwedyl) Iarlles y Ffynnon/Ffynnawn (Owain, or the Lady of the Fountain) (Thirteenth Century AD)

“Sir Galeschin”

Sir Duc/Duke/Lord Gales(c)(h)in(s)/Galachin/Galathin/Galesc(h)alain(s)/Galessin/Galvariun/Galvarium/Gal(l)eron/Galaron/Galaas de/of Clerence/Clarence/Light
Arthur’s nephew
Son of King Nentres and Queen Elaine (Blasine in Vulgate Suite du Merlin) of Garlot(h)
In Vulgate Lancelot Propre, Son of King of Escavalon
Although Nentres rebels against Arthur, Galescalain dreams of becoming one of Arthur’s Knights
He deserts his father and joins with the young Gawain, his cousin
They head for Arthur’s court, fighting several battles against Saxons along the way, in which they are assisted by Merlin
Arthur knights Galescalain for his brave service, and he becomes one of the Queen’s Knights
First appears in story of Dolorous Tower in Vulgate Cycle, in which he and his cousin Yvain attempt to rescue their other cousin Gawain from the wicked Lord Carado(s/c)

Both are taken captive as well, but the trio are eventually rescued by Lancelot
While on quest to rescue Gawain from Carado(s/c) of Dolorous Tower, Galeschin saves Lady of Cabrion and liberates Castle Pintadol

He is additionally rescued by Lancelot from Vale of No Return and Forbidden Hill
Galeschin fights in war against King Claudas
Arthur makes him Duke of Clarence

Galeschin is called Duc de Clarence in the French literature prior to Fourteenth Century AD)
This could not possibly refer to the position of Duke of Clarence

Which did not exist yet at the time and does not refer to a place name
Leading Loomis to translate it as “Lord of Light”

Loosely inspires the character of Duke Chala(u)nce of Clarence
Roger Sherman Loomis derives Galeschin from Galvariun, found on an Arthurian relief on Modena Archivolt, considered first known Arthurian illustration

He theorises the name is altered to make it sound more like Galesche, the Old French word for Gaul
And derives Galvariun from the epithet Gwallt Euryn, found in Culhwch and Olwen, which he translates as “Golden Hair”
Other scholars usually identify Galvariun as a prototype of Gawain’s brother Gaheris

Appears in

The Archivolt/Archivault of the Porta della Pescheria on the Modena Cathedral (AD 1090/1120/1135/1140)
Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Le Livre d’Artus (The Book of Arthur) (early Thirteenth Century AD)
Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin (Story of Merlin) (AD 1220/1230s/1235)

Compare with Gwar(a)e (Gwallt (Euryn)/(Eurin))/(Golden Hair)

“Sir Pelleas”

Sir Pell(e/i)as/Pelle(u)s
of the Islands
A Knight of extraordinary skill and courage
Lord of many islands
Loves the Lady named

Arcade, in Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin
Ettard, in Malory
(Ettare, in Tennyson)

In Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin

He awards her the crown at a tournament in which he defeats sixty knights
But Arcade continually rebukes and scornes him
He follows her to the country of Arroy, where he keeps vying for her love
Every day, she sends ten knights against him, and every day he defeats them all

But lets them capture him anyway
so that he might get a glance of Arcade on the way to prison

Arcade’s men would humiliate him and release him in the forest
Gawain learns of Pelleas’ plight and offers to help him by visiting Arcade
Bringing Pelleas’ armour with him, he tells Arcade that he had killed Pelleas
Whatever his plan had been, Gawain abandons it when he sees Arcade’s beauty
He sleeps with her, betraying Pelleas
Pelleas finds them together in an outdoor pavilion
After considering killing them, he finally decides to lay his sword across their throats and depart
When Arcade awakes, she realises that Pelleas has been there and that he was still alive
Pelleas prepares to die of grief
But a repentant Gawain brings Arcade to him
Apologies are made
Pelleas and Arcade marry, producing a son named Guivret the Younger

In Malory, Nimue, the Lady of the Lake, bewitches Ettard so that she pines for Pelleas for the rest of her life

Nimue marries Pelleas herself
Pelleas becomes a Knight

(Tennyson allows neither of these happy endings for poor Pelleas

Pelleas, discovering that Ettare and Gawain are both false

Falls into despair
Runs away from the hateful scene

He later encounters Perceval, who tactlessly informs him that Guinevere and Lancelot are also untrue
Having lost all faith in the nobility of Arthur’s court and the Round Table

Pelleas goes mad, becomes the ‘Red Knight’
Maims innocents
Rapes maidens
He sends a message to Arthur’s court

Telling the king that Pelleas’ castle is full of cowards and whores
But that they are more noble than Arthur?s court because they do not hide their true nature

Arthur eventually has to lead a phalanx of knights against him)

Appears in

Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin (Continuation of Merlin, or The Merlin Continuation) (AD 1230/1240)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)
(Baron Alfred Lord Tennyson’s Idylls of the King)

Compare with

Belenos
Pwyll
Apollo

“Sir Balan”

Sir Bala(a)n(s)
le Savage
Black Knight
Knight of the River
Ill-fated Knight who slays his own brother, Balin
Brother of Sir Balin the Savage in Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin and Malory
He helps his brother reconcile with King Arthur by

Capturing King Rions of North Wales
Joining Arthur’s war against Kings Lot and Nero

After the battle of Tarabel, the brothers separated

Balan slays a Knight who guards a bridge to an island
Forced to assume the duties of his victim

He ends up slaying his own brother
Who challenges Balan without recognising him

(Tennyson changes the circumstances of their deaths
- Relating that Balan comes upon an unknown Knight trampling his shield
- Finding out that the Knight is his brother only after giving and receiving a mortal wound)
Appears in

Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin (Continuation of Merlin, or The Merlin Continuation) (AD 1230/1240)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)
(Baron Alfred Lord Tennyson’s Idylls of the King)

“Moren Mynawg”, “Sir Mori(a)en”, and “Moren ab Iaen”

Sir Mor(i)(a)(e/a)n(s)/Moryen/Moryan (Mynawg/Myna(w)c/Menawc)/(the Noble)
Of the Castle Maidens/Caer (Dathal)/(Dathyl)/(Dathol)
Son of Iaen/Bradwen/March/Aglovale/Perceval
Mostly likely three separate personages:

Moren ab Iaen of Caer Dath(a/o/y)l

An Arthurian warrior from Caer Dathal
Son of Iaen
His brothers are Sulyen, Bradwen, Teregud, Siawn, and Caradawg

Mor(i/y)(e/a)n Mynawg/Mynac/Menawc/(the Noble) ap March ap Meirchion

One of Arthur’s warriors
Son of Bradwen

Mor(i)(a)(e/a)n(s)/Moriaan/Morion

Of the Castle Maidens
Moorish son of (Agloval(e))/(Perceval) de (Galis)/(Wales), son of Pel(l)inor(e) of Listinoise/Listenoise
In his original inception,

Morien seems to have been the son of Perceval,
But the author of the existing text ‘apparently in light of Perceval’s advertised virginity in the Vulgate romances’ makes Morien the son of Aglovale, Perceval’s brother

A huge Moor, Morien is born when his father visited his mother, a Moorish princess, in an Arabian kingdom
Aglovale promises to return to her but did not
When Morien comes of age, he embarks on a search for his father
His quest leads him into contact with Lancelot and Gawain, who at Arthur’s behest are searching for Perceval
After saving Gawain’s life, Morien reunites his parents and sees his father crowned king of his homeland
Aspects of Morien’s story recall Feirefiz from Wolfram’s Parzival

“Moren ab Iaen” appears in Culhwch ac Olwen (Culhwch/Kilhwch and Olwen/Olwyn) (AD 990/1100)
“Mor(i/y)(e/a)n Mynawg” appears in

Culhwch ac Olwen (Culhwch/Kilhwch and Olwen/Olwyn) (AD 990/1100)
Breuddwyd/Breudwyt Rhonabwy (Dream of Rhonabwy) (late Twelfth/early Thirteenth Century AD)

“Mor(i)(a)(e/a)n(s)” appears in Moriæn/Moriaan (Morien) (AD 1263/1264)

“Sir Marin”

Sir Marin/Herminde
Brother of King Armant of the Red City
His brother is slain by treacherous vassals
When Palamedes comes to the Red City to avenge Armant’s death, Marin travels ahead and heralds Palamedes’ arrival
After Palamedes kills the traitors, he gives the Red City to Marin
Marin is killed fighting Lancelot and his men when Lancelot rescues Guinevere from the stake
Appears in

Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose (Prose Tristan) (AD 1225-1235, AD 1276)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

“Sir Arthur the Less”

Sir Arthur (le Petit)/(the Less)/(the Little), the Unknown Knight
An Illegitimate Son of King Arthur (“Arthur the Great”) found only in Post-Vulgate Cycle and Tristan en Prose
Arthur forces himself on a daughter of a Knight named Tanas

The girl is a lovely maiden whom he encountered in the forest of Bretheamhe
Arthur orders that the child is to be named either Guenevere or Arthur the Less
Tanas later kills his daughter over an unrelated matter, and abandons Arthur the Less, still a baby, in the forest

A widow found him and took him in, raising him to the age of fifteen
The boy appears at Arthur’s court on the eve of the Grail Quest when his arrival is miraculously prophesied at the Round Table
He is knighted by Tristan and soon proves to be superior to even Gawain and Percival, defeating both of them
However, he is publicly known only as the Unknown Knight, keeping his lineage secret as to not shame his father with the story of his mother’s rape
Arthur further conceals the fact that Arthur the Less is his son, as he, too, did not want others to know of the rape
Loyal to King Arthur (who is eventually informed about his son’s identity by Morgan),

He fights in the late wars against domestic and foreign enemies
And is one of Galahad's companions during the Grail Quest (being present at Corbenic, the Grail Castle, to witness Galahad’s success)

After his father’s death at Salisbury, Arthur the Less is a candidate for the heir to the throne of Logres
however, he obsessively hates Lancelot’s renegade faction, blaming them for the disaster
He also helped to repel King Mark’s invasion of Camelot
When soon defeated by Bleoberis in a duel to the death, he curses the entire kingdom with his dying breath
His curse manifests itself through King Mark’s devastating invasion which destroys almost all remnants of King Arthur’s rule
Appears in

Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1230/1240)
Post-Vulgate Mort Artu (Death of Arthur) (AD 1230/1240)
Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose (Prose Tristan) (AD 1225-1235, AD 1276)

“Morfran”

Mor(f/v)r(a/y)n
Name means “Great Raven”
The Ugly (Brave/Hero)
One of the three Irresistible/Offensive Knights
ap/(son of) Tegid Foel and Ceridwen
Father of Myrddin and Rahawd
One of Arthur’s warriors
Fought at Battle of Camlann

No one strikes him because he is so ugly and hairy
The other warriors think he is a devil

Appears in

Culhwch ac Olwen (Culhwch/Kilhwch and Olwen/Olwyn) (AD 990/1100)
Breuddwyd/Breudwyt Rhonabwy (Dream of Rhonabwy) (late Twelfth/early Thirteenth Century AD)
Trioedd Ynys Prydein/Prydain (Triads of British Isle, or Welsh Triads) (Eleventh/(late Thirteenth)/Fourteenth Centuries AD)

“Menw”

Menw ap/(son of) T(/a)eir(g)waedd
One of the three Enchanter Knights, who had the ability to shape-shift
Father of Anynnawg
One of Arthur’s sorcerers and advisors
In Culhwch ac Olwen, Arthur sends him to accompany Culhwch and other warriors on Culhwch’s quest for Olwen,
- In case Menw’s magical abilities (particularly his skill for invisibility) are needed
- During the hunt for the boar Twrch Trwyth,
- He misses, and is struck by the boar, wounding him
- The wound leaves him weak for the rest of his life
One of Trioedd Ynys Prydein/Prydain says that Uther Pendragon teaches Menw one of the three “Great Enchantments” of Britain
Some see him as a prototype for Merlin
Appears in

Culhwch ac Olwen (Culhwch/Kilhwch and Olwen/Olwyn) (AD 990/1100)
Breuddwyd/Breudwyt Rhonabwy (Dream of Rhonabwy) (late Twelfth/early Thirteenth Century AD)
Trioedd Ynys Prydein/Prydain (Triads of British Isle, or Welsh Triads) (Eleventh/(late Thirteenth)/Fourteenth Centuries AD)

“Sir Accolon”

Sir Ac(c)(o/a)lon of Gaul
Morgan le Fay, Accalon’s lover, uses him as an unwilling participant in a plot against Arthur
She provides him with Excalibur, which she has stolen, and arranges for him to champion a Knight named Ontzlake against Ontzlake’s brother Damas
Meanwhile, Damas has tricked Arthur into fighting as his champion
Both Knights meet in combat (Accalon thinking he is fighting Damas, and Arthur thinking he is fighting Ontzlake)
Since Arthur has a fake version of Excalibur and its scabbard, and Accalon has the real one, Arthur fares poorly in the battle
As Accalon prepares to deliver the killing blow, Nimue arrives and causes Excalibur to fall from Accalon’s hands
Arthur picks up the sword, strikes Accalon to the ground, removes his helmet, and realises Morgan’s treachery
After receiving Arthur’s forgiveness, Accalon dies
Arthur has him buried at Saint Stephen’s church in Camelot
A plot by Morgan to avenge his death fails
Appears in

Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin (Continuation of Merlin, or The Merlin Continuation) (AD 1230/1240)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

“Sir Persant”

Sir Persa(u)nt/Bersunt of Inde
(The) Blue/Azure Knight
Brother of

Perard (the Black Knight)
Per(t)(y/i)lope/Pertolepe/Partolope (the Green Knight, as distinct from Bercilak/Bertilak/Bernlak/Bredbeddle, Knight of the (Green Chapel)/(Lake) in Sir Gawayne and the Greene Knight)
Per(i)mones/Perymones (the Red/Puce Knight)

In Malory,

Gareth, on his quest to defeat the Red Knight of the Red Lands, encounters Persaunt at a tournament
Gareth had previously defeated Sir Persaunt’s three brothers
He soon overcomes Persaunt himself
Following the battle, Persaunt lodges Gareth
He offers his maiden daughter to Gareth for the night
But Gareth balks at the thought of defiling a virgin

(In Tennyson, he calls himself ‘The Son of the Morning Star’)
At the next Pentecost feast,

Persaunt went to Camelot
Gave himself to King Arthur’s service

Arthur eventually appoints him to the Round Table
Appears in

Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)
(Baron Alfred Lord Tennyson’s Idylls of the King)

“Sir Elians”

Sir Elian(s/t/z)
A Knight from Ireland
Occupies Lancelot’s vacant seat in Vulgate and Post-Vulgate Mort(e) Artu

After Lancelot and Guinevere
Flee Arthur’s court for Benoic

Appears in

Vulgate Mort(e) Artu (Death of Arthur) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Post-Vulgate Mort Artu (Death of Arthur) (AD 1230/1240)

“Drudwas”

Dru(d/t)was
One of the three Golden-Tongued Knights
ap/(son of) Tryffin/Treffin
Brother of Erdudfyl
Appears in

Culhwch ac Olwen (Culhwch/Kilhwch and Olwen/Olwyn) (AD 990/1100)
Trioedd Ynys Prydein/Prydain (Triads of British Isle, or Welsh Triads) (Eleventh/(late Thirteenth)/Fourteenth Centuries AD)

“Eliwlod”

Eliw(l)(o/a)(d/t)
One of the three Golden-Tongued Knights
ap/vab/(son of) Madog/Madoc/Madawc ap/vab/(son of) (Uthyr)/(Uther Pendragon)
Arthur’s nephew
In Ymddiddan Arthur a’r Eryr, Arthur encounters the spirit of Eliwlod in the body of an eagle
Appears in

Trioedd Ynys Prydein/Prydain (Triads of British Isle, or Welsh Triads) (Eleventh/(late Thirteenth)/Fourteenth Centuries AD)
Ymddiddan Arthur a’r Eryr (Dialogue of Arthur and Eliwlod (Sixteenth Century AD)

“Sir Ironside”

(The) ((Red) Knight)/(Marchog Coch)/(Marghek Rudh)/(Marc’heg Ruz)
of the Red Lawns/Launde/La(u)nds
Has the strength of seven men
Traps the princess of Lyonesse in a tower from which Gareth must save her
Though he has demonstrated a cruel and sadistic nature, Ironside is brought to Arthur’s court and made a Knight
Appears in

Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

“Sir Pertolepe”

Sir Per(t)(y/i/o)l(o/e)pe
(The) Green Knight, as distinct from Bercilak/Bertilak/Bernlak/Bredbeddle, Knight of the (Green Chapel)/(Lake) in Sir Gawayne and the Greene Knight
Brother of

Perard (the Black Knight)
Per(i)mones/Perymones (the Red/Puce Knight)
Persa(u)nt of Inde (the Blue/Azure Knight)

Second knight Gareth defeats as part of a quest to conquer Sir Ironside, the Red Knight of the Red Lands
Pledges himself to the service of Gareth and Arthur
Arthur makes him a Knight
Is killed fighting Lancelot and his men when Lancelot rescues Guinevere from the stake
Appears in

Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

“Sanddef”

Sand(d)(e/a)(f)(f)
(Pryd/Bryd Angel)/(Bright Angel)/(Angel Face)
One of the three Irresistible/Offensive Knights
One of King Arthur’s warriors
He fought at Battle of Camlann
- No man strikes him because he is so beautiful
- Everyone thinks he is an “angel”
Appears in

Culhwch ac Olwen (Culhwch/Kilhwch and Olwen/Olwyn) (AD 990/1100)
Trioedd Ynys Prydein/Prydain (Triads of British Isle, or Welsh Triads) (Eleventh/(late Thirteenth)/Fourteenth Centuries AD)

“Llawfrodedd”

Llaw(n/f)rod(d)ed(d) Varvawc/Farf(aw/o)(g/c)/(the Bearded)
One of King Arthur’s warriors and advisors
Appears in

Culhwch ac Olwen (Culhwch/Kilhwch and Olwen/Olwyn) (AD 990/1100)
Breuddwyd/Breudwyt Rhonabwy (Dream of Rhonabwy) (late Twelfth/early Thirteenth Century AD)

“Gwythyr”

Gwythyr ap G(w)reidawl/Greidol Galldonyd/Galldonvd/Gallddofydd, son of Enfael, son of Deigyr, son of Dyfnwal, son of Ednyfed, son of Maxen, son of Llywelyn
One of Arthur’s warriors in Culhwch ac Olwen

Son of G(w)reidawl Galldonyd
Gwythyr helps Culhwch by collecting the bottles of Linseed Oil requested by Chief Giant Ysbaddaden
The bottles are given to Gwythyr by a hill of ants after he saves the ants from a fire
Gwythyr participates in the search for Black Hag in Valley of Distress
He loves Lady Creiddylad, daughter of Lludd Llaw Eraint/Ereint/Arian (Lludd Silver Hand)
Takes her from her father’s house
Before he can consummate their relationship, Gwynn son of Nudd rescues Creiddylad from Gwythyr
Gwythyr raises an army to oppose Gwynn but is defeated
Meanwhile, Arthur intervenes and returns Creiddylad to her father’s house
After this, Gwynn and Gwythyr are forced to fight every May Day until “Judgement Day” for their love of Creiddylad

Trioedd Ynys Prydein/Prydain names a Gwythyr as father of one of Arthur’s three wives named Gwenhwyfar
Appears in

Culhwch ac Olwen (Culhwch/Kilhwch and Olwen/Olwyn) (AD 990/1100)
Trioedd Ynys Prydein/Prydain (Triads of British Isle, or Welsh Triads) (Eleventh/(late Thirteenth)/Fourteenth Centuries AD)

“Sir Fergus”

§Sir Earl Fergus/Ferguut/Fercos/Percos
Raised as a peasant plowman by his father, Soumillet, in the coastal region of Pelande
Fergus’ noble blood (from his mother’s side) was stirred by the sight of Arthur’s knights returning from a hunt
Against the wishes of his parents, he departed for Arthur’s court, bearing rusty armour and weapons
At his request, he was knighted by Arthur
Kay sarcastically suggested that, as his first quest, he defeat the fearsome Black Knight, to whom many of Arthur’s knights had fallen
Fergus assumed the quest against Arthur’s wishes
On the way to the Black Mountain, Fergus stayed at the Castle Lidel and fell in love with Lady Galiene of Lothian, the castellan’s niece
Promising to return to her, he set out again
Arriving at the Black Mountain, he defeated the Black Knight and won a magic horn and wimple
These he sent to Arthur, with the Black Knight as his prisoner
He returned to Lidel but found that Galiene had returned to Lothian
Fergus enjoyed more adventures in Scotland, slaying robbers, a pirate crew, and a giant
His most significant quest led him to kill a hag and dragon at the castle Dunostre, thus winning a magical white shield (and later earning the nickname “the Knight with the Fair Shield”)
Finally arriving in Lothian, he discovered that Lady Galiene was besieged in Castle Roucebourc
Galiene’s servant, Arundele, asked Fergus to champion the castle against the invading king and his nephew, Arthofilaus
Fergus agreed, killed Arthofilaus, and sent the king to Arthur
Arthur called a tournament at Gedeorde, which Fergus won
Afterward, he was married to Galiene and awarded the lands of Lothian and Tudiele by Arthur
His enfances bear an obvious resemblance to the early stories of Perceval
His name may be adapted from the Welsh character Fercos, and/or from the Irish hero Fergus mac Roy
Appears in

Guillaume le Clerc’s (Roman de) Fergus ((Romance of) Fergus) (AD 1200/1233)
(Roman van) Ferguut ((Romance of) Fergus) (mid/late Thirteenth Century AD)

[Fergus mac/(son of) Ro(i)ch/Roy/Roth/Róig/Rossa/Poch is a known historical personage]

“Sir Tegyr”

^(Sir) Tegyr/Degore (Talgellawg)/((the) Cup Bearer)
An Arthurian warrior
Name is included on the Winchester Round Table as Degore
Appears in Culhwch ac Olwen (Culhwch/Kilhwch and Olwen/Olwyn) (AD 990/1100)

“Sir Melion”

Sir Melion of the Mountain
Melion’s story

Serves King Arthur
Vows that he will never marry a woman who has loved another man
In the age of courtly love, it is impossible for Melion to find such a woman at court
One day while out hunting, Melion meets the daughter of the King of Ireland who tells him that she has never loved a man other than him
They happily marry and have two children
Three years later, Melion, his wife, and a squire go hunting
Melion sees a beautiful stag, and his wife declares that she will die if she does not eat the flesh of this particular animal
Melion promises her the meat and asks her to help him transform into a (were)wolf using a enchanted magical ring
The wife touches Melion’s head with the stone of the ring, and he heads off into the forest after the stag
Meanwhile, the wife takes Melion’s clothes and the ring, and she elopes to Ireland with the squire
When Melion returns to the place where he left his wife, he sees that she is gone
Still in the shape of a (were)wolf, he stows away on a boat to Ireland, where he is persecuted by the sailors and the townspeople because of his lupine form
Melion bands together with ten other wolves and begins killing livestock and people
The people complain to the king, who hunts down ten of the eleven, leaving Melion alone
King Arthur arrives in Ireland, and Melion goes to him
The king and his knights are surprised by the tame and courtly behaviour of the (were)wolf, and they keep him on as a companion
At the court of the King of Ireland, Melion sees the squire who left with his wife and he attacks him
Knowing that Melion is tame, King Arthur and the knights investigate why he attacked the man
The squire confesses, and the daughter is forced to come to court with the enchanted magical ring to restore Melion
After becoming a man again, Melion considers punishing his wife by transforming her into a (were)wolf, but instead, he leaves her and returns to Britain with King Arthur

The knight’s name is probably a variation of Meliant
May be identical with or have influenced Sir Marrok
Appears in Le Lai de Melino (The Lay of Melion) (AD 1190/1200/1204)

“Llwybar” and “Coch”

Llwyb(y/a)r Coch
Most likely separate as

Llwyb(y/a)r

Name means “Path”
One of twenty brothers
One of Arthur’s warriors

Coch

Name means “Red”
One of twenty brothers
One of Arthur’s warriors

Son(s) of Kaw/Caw
Appear(s) in Culhwch ac Olwen (Culhwch/Kilhwch and Olwen/Olwyn) (AD 990/1100)

“Sir Gwyn”

Sir Gwyn(n) ap Nudd/Nod(ens)/Nwyfre/Nwyvre
Name means “White”
Originally a God of the Otherworld, he appears as one of Arthur’s warriors in Culhwch ac Olwen

Even in Culhwch, he is a supernatural character
- Vested with powers of “demons” of Annwn
- Of which he is sometimes presented as King
He loves a Lady named Creiddylad
He becomes enraged when he learns that another warrior named Gwythyr has kidnapped her from the home of her father, Lludd Llaw Eraint/Ereint/Arian (Lludd Silver Hand)
Gwynn rescues Creiddylad from Gwythyr’s fortress and takes her to his own home
Gwythyr raises an army to oppose Gwynn
Eventually, Arthur intervenes and returns Criddylad to her father
Thereafter, Gwynn and Gwythyr are destined to fight every May Day until “Judgement Day”
Gwynn is named as Son of Nudd (God Nodens)
Brother of Edern (Yder) and Owain (Yvain)

In popular folklore, he is said to haunt Glastonbury Tor
Appears in Culhwch ac Olwen (Culhwch/Kilhwch and Olwen/Olwyn) (AD 990/1100)

“Cynddylig the Guide”

Sir Kynd(d)elig/Cynddylig (Kyvarwydd)/(Cyfarwydd)/(the Guide)
One of Arthur’s warriors
As a guide, he accompanies Culhwch and other Knights of Arthur on Culhwch’s adventure to the fortress of the giant Ysbadadden
Appears in Culhwch ac Olwen (Culhwch/Kilhwch and Olwen/Olwyn) (AD 990/1100)

“Angawdd” and “Gofan”

Ang(h)awd(d)(m) Gofan/Ovan
Most likely separate as

Ang(h)awd(d)(m)

One of twenty brothers
A warrior of King Arthur
Appears in Culhwch ac Olwen (Culhwch/Kilhwch and Olwen/Olwyn) (AD 990/1100)

Gofan/Ovan

One of twenty brothers
One of Arthur’s warrior
Appears in Culhwch ac Olwen (Culhwch/Kilhwch and Olwen/Olwyn) (AD 990/1100)

Son(s) of Kaw/Caw

§Kymvas Ardwy(d/a)d

Kymvas
Ardwy(d/a)d
Son(s) of Kaw/Caw
[Cynwal ap Caw is a known historical personage]

Sir Per(i)mones/Perymones

(The) Red/Puce Knight
Brother of

Perard (the Black Knight)
Per(t)(y/i)lope/Pertolepe/Partolope (the Green Knight, as distinct from Bercilak/Bertilak/Bernlak/Bredbeddle, Knight of the (Green Chapel)/(Lake) in Sir Gawayne and the Greene Knight)
Persa(u)nt of Inde (the Blue/Azure Knight)

Third knight defeated by Gareth on a quest to conquer Sir Ironside, the Red Knight of the Red Lands
Pledges himself to the service of Gareth and Arthur
Arthur makes him a Knight
Is killed fighting Lancelot and his men when Lancelot rescues Guinevere from the stake
Appears in

Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

Sel/Sol ap/(son of) Selgi
(Llawr Ellenw)/(Gwynn) ap/(son of) Ermid
Garanwyn/Garanwen/Gronosis ap/(son of) Kay/Kai/Cay/Cei/Cai(us)/Che(us)/Gaius le/the Seneschal
Gwevyl/Gwelfyl

One of the three Diademed Knights
Ap/(son of) Gwestad/Gwastad

Uchtryd/Uchdryd Varyt Draws (Cross Beard) — son of Erim
^Taliesin pen Berydd

(Chief) Bard/Poet to King Arthur
Earliest known “Welsh” poet

Sir Gwrhyr Gwastrad/Gwalstat/Gwastawd Ieithoedd (Interpreter of Tongues)
Am(ha)r/Amir/Anir ap/(son of) Arthur
^(Ely A)myr — Arthur’s Huntsman
Cul(h)w(y)ch/Kilwich — cousin of Arthur
Sir Daniel/Garel (von Blumenthal)/(of the Blooming/Blossoming/Flowering Valley)

Son of King Mandogran
Equal in prowess to the likes of Gawain and Perceval, he stands out among other French and German heroes for his cunning, which when paired with his valour made him a potent foe
Daniel took service with Arthur just before King Matur of Cluse demanded Arthur’s fealty
Matur had two giants with impenetrable skin, but Daniel nonetheless set out ahead of Arthur’s own army to reconnoiter Matur’s lands
Along the way, he liberated the Dark Mountain from an evil dwarf named Juram, and he freed the Bright Fountain from the terror of a demon
In the former adventure, he won a sword capable of slaying Matur’s giants, which he employed to that end
Arthur killed Matur, and Daniel fought bravely in the ensuing battles with the armies of Cluse, defeating the majority of them by turning their own magical weapon against them
Later, he saved the Green Meadow from a monster and rescued Arthur from the father of the slain giants
Daniel was crowned the King of Cluse by Arthur, and he married Queen Danise, Matur’s widow
His character is adapted liberally by Der Pleier as Garel
Appears in

Der Stricker’s Daniel von dem Blühenden Tal (Daniel of the Blooming Valley) (AD 1210/1225)
Der Pleier’s Garel von dem Blühenden Tal (Garel/Daniel of the Blossoming/Flowering Valley) (AD 1240/1270)

G(w)reidawl/Greidol Galldonyd/Galldonvd/Gallddofydd, son of Enfael, son of Deigyr, son of Dyfnwal, son of Ednyfed, son of Maxen, son of Llywelyn
Greid ap/(son of) Eri
Tathal Twyll (Goleu)/(Golau)/(the Deceitful)
Grychwr/Cynchwr ap/(son of) Nes
Cuhert/Cubert/Curoi ap/mac/(son of) Daere/Daire
Sir Floll/Frol of the Out Isles
Lluber Beuthach
Na(s)(c)ien(s)

A Hermit
One of the three Royal Knights
Son of King of Denmark

Corvil/Corfil Bervach/Berfach
Sir Ulfin/Ulfius/Ulfines/Ulphin/Ulphyne/Urfin/Vlfin/Vrfin
Blaes/Bleise

An Historian
One of the three Just Knights
Son of the Earl of Llychlin

Prince Fflewd(d)ur (Fflam Wledig)/(the Blazing Lord)
R(h)uawn Pebyr/Bebyr ap/(son of) Dorath
Aron/Arawn/Angusel

One of the three Counsellor Knights
Son of Cynfarch

Ll(y)warch (Hen)/(the Old)

One of the three Counsellor Knights
Son of Elidir Lyndanwyn

Bradwen ap/(son of) Moren Mynawc/Mynawg
Dalidav/Dallaf ap/(son of) Kimin/Cimin Cov ap/(son of) Alun Dyved/Dyfed ap/(son of) Saidi ap/(son of) Gwryon/Gwrion
Uchtryd/Uchdryd (Ardywad/Ardwyad Kad/Cad)/(Power in Battle)
Kynwas/Cynwas (Curvagyl)/(Cwryfagyl)/(the Clumsy)
Gwrhyr (Gwarthegvras)/(Gwarthegfras)/(Rich in Cattle)
Isperyr/Isberyr (Hwingath)/(Ewingath)/(Cat Claws)
Gallcoyt/Galloch (Govynynat)/(Gofynidd)/(the Hewer)
Duach ap/(son of) Gwawrddur (Kyrvach)/(the Hunchback)
(Sir) Blue Knight (of the Blue Lawns)
Grathach/Brath ap/(son of) Gwawrddur (Kyrvach)/(the Hunchback)
Nerthach ap/(son of) Gwawrddur (Kyrvach)/(the Hunchback)
(The) Black Knight of the Black Lawns
Kilydd/Cilydd (Ganhastyr)/(Canastyr)/(100 Grips)
Sir Earl Urry/Urre of Hungary, of the Mount, of Estrake

A Hungarian knight who is badly wounded in a tournament in Spain

In the tournament, he kills his opponent, Sir Alpheus
Alpheus’ mother is a witch

She casts a spell on Urry that causes his wounds to eternally fester
Only to be cured when the best knight in the world examines them

Urry’s mother and sister, Feleloye, carry him from country to country in a litter, hoping to find the knight who could heal him
Eventually, they come to Arthur’s court at Carlisle after the Grail Quest
When Arthur hears Urry’s story, he commands all the knights, dukes, earls, and kings in attendance to attempt to heal the poor knight’s wounds
When Arthur attempts it, the wounds close partially but renew their bleeding
A hundred and ten other knights give it their best, but fail
Finally, Lancelot, with reluctance, runs his hands over the wounds
They close themselves as if they had been healed for many years, proving that God has again granted Lancelot the title of best knight of the world
Urry becomes a Knight
Is fiercely loyal to Lancelot
When Lancelot and Guinevere are accused of treason,

Urry pledges his support to Lancelot
Helps to rescue Guinevere from the stake

In return for his support, Lancelot makes him the Earl of Estrake

Appears in

Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

Ganastyr/Canastyr (Kanllaw)/(Canllaw)/(100 Hands)
Gors/Cors (Gant-Ewin)/(Cant Ewin)/(100 Claws)
Esgeir Gulhwch (Govvnkawn)/(Gefyncawn)/(the Reed-Cutter)
Sir Melyot/Meliot/Mellot of/de Logur(e)(s)/Logris/Logres, of the Rock

His story

Meliot flees from his father to a hermitage owned by his uncle
He is later knighted, and inhabits a property called the Field of the Lion
He kills Clamadoz of the Shadows in revenge for the death of his pet lion
Meliot’s father is killed by Nabigan of the Rock, who then tries to deprive Meliot of his lands
Gawain champions him against Nabigan and succeeds
Meliot repays this service by rescuing Gawain and Arthur when they are besieged by Anurez the Bastard
Meliot kills the pagan Knight of the Galley
Rescues Gawain from execution by heathens

Sir Melyot in Perlesvaus

His father, Marin the Jealous, murders his mother
Melyot is wounded in the battle against Anurez the Bastard
Could not be healed until Lancelot travels to the Perilous Chapel and brings back a holy sword
Murdered by Sir Brudan

Sir Meliot of/de Logur(e)(s)/Logris/Logres in Malory

Cousin of Lady Nimue
Sometimes called Meliot of the Rock
Fights Gylbert the Bastard
Could not be healed until Lancelot travels to the Perilous Chapel and brings back a holy cloth
Killed ‘with ten other knights’ by Lancelot when they trap Lancelot in Guinevere’s chamber

Appears in

Perlesvaus, or Le/Li Hauz Livre(s) du Graal (AD 1192/1205/1220/1225)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

Sir Sadok/Sadoc of Orkney

Brother of Edward of Orkney
Cousin of Gawain
Guiron the Courteous defeated him in a joust
Fought for Arthur at the Leverzep tournament
Appears in

Palamedes (c AD 1240)
Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose (Prose Tristan) (AD 1225-1235, AD 1276)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

Sir Duke Gahalantyne/Gahalantin(e)/Galerantis/G(u)al(l)eganti(n)(s)/Galygantynis/Galegentix/Galeschins/Galeguadinz li/of/the Galoi(s)/Wales/Welshman of Auvergne

Relative of Lancelot
In a tournament against King Bagdemagus, Gahalantyne fought on the side of the King of North Wales
Lancelot, on Bagdemagus’ side, beat Gahalantyne bloody
When Mordred and Agravain accused Lancelot and Guinevere of treason, Gahalantyne pledged his support to Lancelot and helped him to rescue Guinevere from the stake
In return for his support, Lancelot made him duke of Auvergne
After Arthur’s death, Gahalantyne joined Lancelot in the abbey of Glastonbury and lived as a hermit until Lancelot’s death
Following Lancelot’s internment, Gahalantyne returned to his own lands
Appears in

Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

A(u)nwas (Adeiniawc)/(Adeiniawg)/(the Wingéd)
Sinnoch ap/(son of) Seithved/Seitfed ap Bedyn
Bedyw/Wadu ap/(son of) Seithved/Seitfed ap Bedyn
Gwen(n)wynwyn son of Naw ap Seithved/Seitfed ap Bedyn
Mael ap/(son of) Roycol
Garwyli ap/(son of) Gwythawc/Gwythawg Gwyr
Gwythawc/Gwythawg Gwyr
Selyf ap/(son of) Smoit/Sinoid
Gusg ap/(son of) Atheu/Achen
Sir Superabilis/Suppinabil(i/e)s/Supinabel/Syppynabylis

A Knight from

Brittany
Cornwall

Who brought news of

Tristan’s wedding to Isolde of the White Hands to Camelot
Lancelot’s anger toward Tristan back to Cornwall

Appears in

Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose (Prose Tristan) (AD 1225-1235, AD 1276)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

Sir Gaheris/Gaharis/Gaheran/Gahetis/Gaherys/Gaheus/Gains/Gareis/Ghaheris/Giafredi (de Karaheu/Carahan/Car[a/e]heuGaheran/Gahereu/Karahau/Karehan)/d’Escareu, li Blans (the White)

Brother of Mador de la Porte in the Vulgate Cycle and the derived works
Not be confused with Gaheris of Orkney
Gaheris de Karaheu’s most prominent role, including the manner of his death, might have been inspired by the purportedly historical account of the fatal poisoning of Walwen (Gawain) from the chronicle Gesta Regum Anglorum
In the Vulgate Lancelot, Gaheris of Karaheu appears in minor roles, mostly as a prisoner, prior to his accidental death
Gawain saves him from Galehaut, while the mysterious White Knight (Lancelot incognito) rescues him from the Dolorous Prison near Dolorous Gard and then again from the Vale of No Return
In the Vulgate Mort Artu, Gaheris of Karaheu dies from eating a poisoned apple, which was made by the knight Avarlan and was meant to kill Gawain
The apple is offered to Gaheris of Karaheu unknowingly by Guinevere; the queen is accused of his murder, until she is cleared of the charge in the trial by combat between Mador and Lancelot
This story is retold in the Stanzaic Morte Arthur and in Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur,
- Where the victim is, respectively, either an unnamed visiting Scottish knight or Sir Patrise of Ireland
- The poisoner is also renamed by Malory as Sir Pionel
The Italian Tristano Panciaticchiano, in which he remains Mador’s brother, calls him Giafredi
Compare with Guerec/Gweir

Sir Cligès/Cligés/Clicés/Clies/Clygés/Clegis/(Clias the Greek)

Son of Arthur’s Niece Soredamors and Alexander, a Son of the Greek (Byzantine) Emperor
Husband of Fenice, a Daughter of the German Emperor
Cligès becomes the Greek Emperor

Sir Cleges/Clegis of Sadok
Tw(y)rch ap/(son of) Perif/Peryf
Sir (A)(m)ado(r/c)(e/s) (li Noirs)/(the Black) ((de la)/della Porte/Porta)/(of the Gate)

Mador’s best known role is in an episode of the Vulgate Mort(e) Artu (consequently in Stanzaic Morte Arthur and in Malory)

Tells the story of his trial by combat against the incognito Lancelot, Queen Guinevere’s champion for her innocence following the poisoning of Mador’s brother Gaheris de Karahau
Mador loses the duel to Lancelot (without losing his life in the process), saving Guinevere from the accusation that almost led her being burnt at the stake

Besides Vulgate Mort(e) Artu and English works based on it, Mador also appears or is referenced in several other works

Post-Vulgate Cycle (early Thirteenth Century AD)
Guiron le Courtois/Courteous section of Palamedes (c AD 1240)
“Tournament of Sorelois” episode found in

Some versions of Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose (AD 1225-1235, AD 1276)
Richart d’Irlande’s Les Prophecies de Merlin (AD 1272/1279)
Malory (last quarter of Fifteenth Century AD)

Floriant et Floret(t)e (c AD 1250/1275/1283)
Rustichello/Rusticien/Rusticiano da/de Pisa’s/Pise’s Roman de/du Roi Artus (c AD 1298)
Sir Gawayne and the Greene Knight (c AD 1400)

Vulgate Mort(e) Artu notes him as exceptionally tall and says there was hardly a knight in Arthur’s court who was stronger
This is repeated in the Version I of Tristan en Prose, in which Tristan considers him second only to the half-giant Galehault in size and strength
In Malory, he is a companion of the young Mordred
Le Livre d’Artus (early Thirteenth Century AD) mentions Madoc li Noirs de la Porte (Madoc the Black of the Gate) among the knights who come to the aid of Aglovale to fight against the forces of Agrippe
He may be further identical with the Knight Mado, who is twice briefly mentioned in Wauchier of Denain’s First Continuation of Chrétien’s Perceval (AD 1195/1200)
Mado also appears as antagonist in Mar atá Eachtra Mhélora Agus Orlando (Sixteenth/Seventeenth Centuries AD),

Wherein he is the villainous son of the King of the Hesperides in love with Arthur’s daughter Melora,
Who disguises herself as a man,
Fights incognito as a Knight to defeat Mado and his ally Merlin

Compare with Glewlwyd Gafaelfawr/Mightygrasp

Tw(y)rch ap/(son of) An(n)was
Teregud ap/(son of) Iaen of Caer Dathal
Sulyen/Sulien ap/(son of) Iaen of Caer Dathal
Sir Hervi(s)(é)/Hervi(u)s(e)/H(e/a)rvy(se)/Her(n/v)eus/Herv(i)e(u/x)/Herui(s)/Hernil (de Kamahalot)/(de/of/the Revel/Rivell/Rivel(l)/Riveaus/Rivieu/Risnel/Cuyell)/(de la Forest Savage)

Hervyse/Hervise de la Forest Savage

A Knight possibly identical to Sir Hervi
Appears in

Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

Hervi(s)(é)/Harvy/Hernil/Herui(s)/Herv(i)eu de/of Rivel/Revel

Named in Romance of Yder as a King and the Father of one of the Yvains
According to the Vulgate romances, he served Uther Pendragon before Arthur
He participated in

The Saxon wars
The Campaign in Gaul
The War against Galehaut
The Struggle against Rions and Nero
The Battle of the Humber

Was appointed by Arthur
Still serving Arthur when he was 80 years old
Appears in

Lancelot do Lac (Lancelot of the Lake) (AD 1215/1220)
Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Le Livre d’Artus (The Book of Arthur) (early Thirteenth Century AD)
Vulgate/Post Vulgate Suite du Merlin (Story of Merlin) (AD 1220/1230s/1235)
(Of) Arthour and (of) Merlin ((Of) Arthur and (of) Merlin) (late Thirteenth Century AD)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

Separate in Malory as

Hervi(s)(é) de Rivel/Revel
Hervyse/Hervise de la Forest Savage

Siawn ap/(son of) Iaen of Caer Dathal
Cradawc/Cradawg ap/(son of) Iaen of Caer Dathal
Mabsan(t) ap/(son of) Kaw/Caw
Gwyn(g)ad ap/(son of) Kaw/Caw
§Gilda(s)

Ap/(son of) Kaw/Caw
[Known historical personage]

§Calcas/Calchaf

Ap/(son of) Kaw/Caw
[Known historical personage]

Samson (Vinsych)/(Finsych)/(Dry Lips)
Llary ap/(son of) Prince Easnar/Kasnar Wledig
Saranhon/Sarannon ap/(son of) Glythfur/Glythwyr
Annyanniawc/An(n)yn(n)awg ap/(son of) Menw ap/(son of) Teirgwaedd
Eflam/Fflan ap/(son of) Nwyvre/Nwyfre
Ermid ap/(son of) Erbin
Dyvel/Dywel ap/(son of) Erbin
Kyndrwyn/Cyndrwyn ap/(son of) Ermid
Hyveidd/Hafaidd (Unllenn)/(One Mantle)
Eiddon (Vawr/Fawr-Vrydic/Frydig)/(the Magnanimous)
Reidwn/Rheiddon Arwy
Nod(d)awl (Varyf/Farf Twrch/Trwch)/(Boar’s Beard)
Berth ap/(son of) Kado/Cado
Rheid(d)wn ap/(son of) Beli/Banon
Iscovan/Isgofan (Hael)/(the Generous)
Iscawin/Isgawyn ap/(son of) Panon/Banon
Henwas Adein(i)awg ap/(son of) Erim
Sg(i)l(i)ti Yscawndroed/Uohdryd/Lightfoot — son of Erim
Carned(d)yr ap/(son of) Govynyon/Gofynion (Hen)/(the Agéd)
Gwenwy(n)wyn

Arthur’s Champion in Culhwch ac Olwen (Culhwch/Kilhwch and Olwen)
Ap/(son of) Naw/Nav Gyssevin

Kulvanawyd/Culfanawyd ap/(son of) Goryon/Gwrion
Dyvynwal/Dyfnwal/Dyfhwal (Moel)/(the Bald)
Teirnon/Terynon Twr(y)f (B)liant
Gwrdinal/Gwrddyal ap/(son of) Ebrei/Efrei
Morgant (Hael)/(the Generous)
Gwystyl ap/(son of) Nwython
Rhun ap/(son of) Nwython
Llwyddeu/Llwydel ap/(son of) Nwython
Gwydre ap/(son of) Llwyd(d)eu
Eidyol/Eidoel ap/(son of) Ner
Kynyr/Cynyr (Keinvarvawc)/(Cein(-)farfalig)/(Fair Beard)
Berwyn ap/(son of) Gerenhir/Cyrenyr
Gwyddawg ap/(son of) Menestyr
Nerth ap/(son of) Kedarn/Cadarn
Llwyd(deu) ap/(son of) (Kelcoed)/(Cil Coed)
Hu(n)abwy ap/(son of) Gwryon
Gwyn(n) Godyvron/Eddyfron
Gweir ap/(son of) Cadell/Galellin – son of (Talaryant)/(Tal Ariant)/(Silver Brow)
Gweir (Gwr(y)hyd En(n)wir)/(Malicious in Battle)
Gweir/Gwyn (Palad(y)r Hir)/(Bright Spear)
Cas (ap)/(son of) Saidi
Gwrvan/Gwrfan

Gwallt-avwy(n)/(hair like rain)
Gwallt-avwyn/Gwallt(-)af()wyn/(wild hair)/(hair like rain)
Gwallt-advwyn/(bright-hair)
Gwrfangwallt-advwyn/(fair hair)
Appears in

Preiddeu Annw(fy)n (Spoils of Annwn) (c AD 900)
Culhwch ac Olwen (Culhwch/Kilhwch and Olwen/Olwyn) (AD 990/1100)
(Historia Peredur, neu) Peredur (fab Efrawg/Efrawc) ((History of Perceval, or) Perceval (son of Ebrauc/Eburac/Ivory)) (AD 1150)
Trioedd Ynys Prydein/Prydain (Triads of British Isle, or Welsh Triads) (Eleventh/(late Thirteenth)/Fourteenth Centuries AD)

Garselit

Wyddel
The Irishman

^Dadweir/Dawweir (Dallpenn)/(Dallben)/(the Blind)
Panawr/Penawr (Pen( )bagad)/(Leader of the Host)
(Gwynnhyvar)/(Gwyn Hywar)

Steward of Cornwall
Mayor of Cornwall and Devon

Gilla (Coes Hydd)/(Goeshydd)/(Stag-Shank)
Huarwar ap/(son of) (Aflawn)/(Halwn)/(the Unsmiling)
Gwar(a)e (Gwallt (Euryn)/(Eurin))/(Golden Hair)
§E(l)phin Garanhir

Ap Gwyddno
[Known historical personage]

Elidyr (Cyfarwydd)/(Gyvarwydd)/(the Guide)
Ardderchawg/Iddawc (Cordd Prydain)/(Churn of Britain)
Grudiwyn/Gruddlwyn (Gor)/(the Dwarf)
Bwlch/Eheubryd ap/(son of) Gleddyf (Kvfwlch)/(Cyfwlch) — son of Cleddyf Difwlch
Dwn(n) ((Diessic)/(Diysig) Unben(n))/(Valorous Chieftain)
Eiladyr/Eilader ap/(son of) Pen (Llarcau)/(Llarcan)
Kynedyr/Cynedyr

(Wyllt)/(the Wild)
Son of Hettwn Talarvant

Sawvl/Sawyl ((Ben)/(Pen) (Uchel)/(Uched))/(the Overlord)
^Teithi (Hen)/(the Old) ap/(son of) Gwynhan/Gwynnan
^Gwrbothu/Gwrfoddw

(Hen)/(the Old)
Arthur’s Uncle in Culhwch ac Olwen (Culhwch/Kilhwch and Olwen)

^Tegvan/Tegfan (Gloff)/(the Lame)
^G(l)(we)w(l)y(u)ddyn Saer

Arthur’s builder
Made Arthur’s Hall — Ehangwen (Fair and Roomy/Spacious)

^Amren (the Tall)

Arthur’s Huntsman
Ap/(son of) Bedwyr

^Rhun

(Rhud(d)wern)/(Red Alder)
Arthur’s Huntsman

^Eli — Arthur’s Huntsman
Rheu

(Rhwyd/Thwydd Dyrys)/(Fast and Cunning)
Arthur’s Huntsman

^Trachmyr — Arthur’s (Chief) Huntsman
^Gweir

(Datharwennidawg)/(Dathar Gweinidog)
Arthur’s Servant

Rhacvmwri/Cacamwri

The Thresher
The Attendant/Servant of Arthur

^Kethcrwn/Cethrwm/Cethrwin — the Priest
^Bedwini — the Bishop
Sir Bellinor(e)
Vadalon/Valadon
King (B)e(n)i(gn)on
Sir Claudin(e)/Claudyne/Claudino — son of the Frankish King Claudas of the Wasteland (de la Deserte)
Sir Constable Baudwin of Britain
Sir Brastias
Sir (Grummore/Grommer Grummursum/Grummerson)/(Gromerson Erioure)/(Gromer/Grommore Somer/Somir Jour(e))

Knight of Tarn Wathelyne
A knight who appears first in Malory’s The Weddyng(e) of Syr Gawen and Dame Ragnell
Gromer captures an unarmed King Arthur in Inglewood forest and forces Arthur to promise to return in one year,

either to divulge what women most desire,
or to forfeit his life to Gromer

Gawen (Gawain) eventually obtains the answer from Gromer’s sister, Ragnell, and Arthur is saved
Malory includes Gromer as one of the knights who joins Agravain and Mordred in their attempt to catch Lancelot and Guinevere in flagrante delicto
Gromer is slain by Lancelot
Earlier in Morte Darthur, Gromer is said to be Scottish
In The Turke and Gowin, Gromer, bewitched into the form of a ‘turke’, or churl, shows up at Arthur’s court and challenges one of the assembly to an exchange of blows

After delivering one to Gawain, he asks to postpone the reciprocal strike
The turke then leads Gowin (Gawain) on a series of spectacular adventures, culminating in a visit to the Isle of Man, where Gowin, with the turke’s help, slays the pagan king and his giant attendants
The turke then asks Gowin to behead him, which results in his rebirth in the form of Gromer, a Christian knight
In the denouement, Arthur appoints Gromer the King of Man

Appears in

Sir Thomas Malory’s The Weddyng(e) of Syr Gawen and Dame Ragnell (The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnell) (c AD 1450)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)
The Turke and Gowin (The Churl and Gawain) (c AD 1500)

Sir Earl Lavain(e)/Lavayne of Armagnac

Son of Barnard of Ascolat/Escalot
Brother of Sir Tirre and Lady Elaine
Became a companion of Lancelot during the tournaments at Camelot

Followed the knight faithfully,
Even after his sister died for Lancelot’s love

Lavaine married Felelolye, the sister of Urry/Urre
Defected from Arthur’s court when Lancelot rescued Guinevere from the stake
In return for his support, Lancelot made him Earl of Armagnac
Appears in

Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)
(Baron Alfred Lord Tennyson’s Idylls of the King)

Sir Patrise
Sir King/Duke Clarence/Clariance/Claryaunce/Clarion(s) of Northumberland
Sir King/Roi Barant/Berrant

Aguigens/Aguignier/Aguigniez/Aguysans
Heraut
Mala(u)guin(s)/Malaguis/Maleginis/Margon
Le Apres
(Of/with the/a)/(des) Hundred/Cent Knights/Chevaliers

King/Sir Anguish/Agwisa(u)nce/Ang(u)i(n)s(ant)/Anguisel/Anguisshe/Angwish/Hanguin/Languis/Lenvis of Ireland
Sir Galagars
E(i)ddilig/Coll/Track

The Dwarf
One of the three Enchanter Knights
Son of Collifrey/Tracker

Ballamore
Belvoure
Paquinet/Paginet
Sagris
Sir Florence

Son of Gawain and Brandiles’ Sister
One of the twelve knights who sought to catch Lancelot and Guinevere in an act of treason
Lancelot killed him and his compatriots in the attempt
Appears in

Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

Cadog/Cadawg

One of the three Just Knights
Son of Gwenlliw/Gwynlliw

Sir Felot of Listinoise
Petroc/Pedrog Splintered-Spear

One of the three Just Knights
Son of Prince Clement of Cornwall

“Sir Breus”

Sir Br(e)u(n)(i)(s)(e)/Bereuse/Bre(h)u(ni)(s)/Breusso/Breuz
Of/the/saunce/sans Piciez/Pitiless/Pit(i)é
The antithesis of knighthood in French romance

A murderer, rapist, thief, coward, and traitor
Featured in Tristan en Prose, Palamedes, and Malory

His tactics include

Attacking by surprise
illing maidens (because his father, Brun or Arrouans, is killed through the treachery of a maiden)
Trampling knights with his horse
Running away whenever any knight challenged him

A pervasive character, he first appears in First Continuation of Chrétien’s Perceval as one of Arthur’s knights
He next shows up in Lancelot Propre as a tormentor of Gawain during the latter’s quest to find Lancelot
According to Suite du Merlin, he serves Clarion and Escant, two of the northern kings who rebel against Arthur, and Le Livre d’Artus has him joining the Saxons against Arthur
In Palamedes, he discovers the tomb of Febus, a great ancestor of Guiron the Courteous
In L’Atre Perilleux, he is called the King of the Red City
Gawain defeats him in combat
Girart d’Amiens gives him a brother named Colivre, and Malory makes him the brother of Bertelot
In La Tavola Ritonda, he has a lady, of whom he is extremely jealous, named Galiena
Several knights, including Tristan, Lancelot, Dinadan, Palamedes, Gaheris, and Bleoberis chase Breus in vain
If caught, Breus uses trickery to escape
After he steals a shield that the Lady of the Lake sent by messenger to Lancelot, Lancelot tracks him down and finally slays him
Appears in

Wauchier of Denain’s First Continuation of Chrétien’s Perceval (AD 1195/1200)
Gauchier of Donaing’s Second Continuation of Chrétien’s Perceval (c AD 1200)
Lancelot do Lac (Lancelot of the Lake) (AD 1215/1220)
Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Le Livre d’Artus (The Book of Arthur) (early Thirteenth Century AD)
Vulgate/Post Vulgate Suite du Merlin (Story of Merlin) (AD 1220/1230s/1235)
Gerbert/Gilbert de Montreuil’s Fourth Continuation of Chrétien’s Perceval (c AD 1230)
Palamedes (c AD 1240)
(L’Âtre Périlleux)/(L’atre perillous) (The Perilous Cemetery) (c AD 1250)
Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose (Prose Tristan) (AD 1225-1235, AD 1276)
Girart d’Amiens’ (Der Roman von) Escanor (c AD 1280)
Febusso e Breusso (Febus and Breus) (c AD 1325/1335)
La Tavola Ritonda (The Round Table) (AD 1325/1350)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

Caveron/Gaveros/Go(u)verna(i)l of Robendic/Roberdic
(Sir)/(The) Green Knight of the Green Lawns
Sir Astomar/Astamor(e)
Sir Abelleus/Abelin
Sir/Duke Blamo(u)r(e)/Blanor/Brunoro de Ganis/Gannes, de Benoic, of Limousin

Son of Nestor
Brother of Bleoberis
Cousin of Lancelot
Early in his career, he championed his family against King Anguisshe of Ireland, whom Blanor had accused of murdering a cousin
Tristan championed Anguisshe and defeated Blanor (La Tavola Ritonda assigns this adventure to a knight named Brunoro)
When Lancelot and Guinevere were accused of treason, Blanor joined other knights in pledging his support to Lancelot
In return, Lancelot made him Duke of Limousin
After Arthur’s death, Blanor became a hermit at Glastonbury and assisted in Lancelot’s burial
Once he had stabilised his own lands, he joined Bleoberis, Ector, and Bors on a crusade to Jerusalem, where they died on Good Driday fighting the Turks
Appears in

Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose (Prose Tristan) (AD 1225-1235, AD 1276)
Tristano Riccardiano (Riccardian Tristan) (late Thirteenth Century AD)
La Tavola Ritonda (The Round Table) (AD 1325/1350)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

Sir Outlake/Ontzlake
Sir Kay/Key/Kainus/Ke(u)(s)/Keu(x)/Ques/Quex (Destran)/(de/d’/of)/(le/l’/the) (E)strange(s)/Estral/Estraus/Estranx/Estrans/Estrangor/Estra(u)x/Stranger

Fought for Arthur at the Leverzep tournament in Malory
Present at the healing of Sir Urry/Urre
May be the same character as Kay of Estral, Malory having misread Kay d’Estral as Kay l’Estrange
Appears in

Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

Sir Gringamo(u)r(e)
Sir (A)blamo(u)r(e)/Ablamar of the Marsh
Sir Allardyne/Al(l)ardin of the (Outer) Isles
Lohe(ra)ngrin/Lorengel

(The) Swan(-)Knight
Son of Parsifal/Parzival/Percival and Condwiramus

Naw ap Seitfed ap Bedyn
Earl Sir (H)ebes/Berbes/Habé le/the Renoumes/Famous of Comange/Comminges

Originally Tristan’s squire
Related somehow to Lancelot
First met Tristan in France, where Hebes served King Faramon
Later, he encountered Tristan in Ireland,

at the Castle of the Moors tournament,
when Tristan was using the alias ‘Tantrist’

Hebes swore to keep Tristan’s identity secret,

but inadvertently betrayed him when he kneeled down before him,
Isolde realised that ‘Tantrist’ must be of nobility

Tristan knighted Hebes, and Hebes later saved Tristan from Isolde’s mother, the Queen of Ireland
Hebes eventually took service with Arthur
According to the Post-Vulgate, he was slain by Tristan, during the Grail Quest, in a tragic misunderstanding

Tristan thought Hebes was Palamedes, whom Tristan wanted to slay because of his love for Isolde
Palamedes had earlier defeated Hebes in joust and had exchanged shields with him
Seeing Hebes riding towards him,

Tristan lowered his lance and charged,
despite Hebes’ cries to stop,
and pierced his chest

Hebes was buried by Gaheris

Malory gives a different account,

When Lancelot and Guinevere were accused of treason,
Hebes pledged his support to them and helped Lancelot rescue Guinevere from the stake
He fought for Lancelot in the wars against Arthur
In return for his support, Lancelot made him the Earl of Comange/Comminges
Separate in Malory as

Earl Sir Hebes le Renoumes of Comange/Comminges
Sir Hebes

There is some indication that Malory meant these to be one person

Sir Duke Dinas(so)/Dynas/Tinas, (le/the Seneschal) of Cornwall (under King Mark)

Lord of Dinan
Good and loyal friend of Tristan, and counselled Mark to ignore the rumours of Tristan and Isolde’s affair and to keep his friendship with the knight
When Tristan was banished, Dinas assisted the lovers by frequently arranging trysts
His son, Liaz, was a count of Cornwall
The Prose Tristan and Malory have him playing a very active role against Mark

Defecting and organising a resistance when Tristan is thrown into prison
and eventually freeing Tristan and imprisoning Mark,
allowing Tristan and Isolde to flee Cornwall together

Later, when Tristan received a poisoned wound from Mark, he found succor, until he expired, in Dinas’ castle
Dinas organised a second revolt against Mark, which successfully unseated the evil king
La Tavola Ritonda says that he became Lord of Cornwall after Mark’s death, but in Prose Tristan he refuses the position
According to Malory, Dinas travelled to Camelot and became a Knight of the Round Table, although he left Arthur when Arthur went to war with Lancelot
Dinas fought for Lancelot at the sieges of Joyous Guard and Benoic
For his support, Lancelot made him the Duke of Anjou
The Italian La Vendetta Che Fe Messer Lanzelloto de la Morte di Miser Tristano, uniquely, names Dinas as the brother of Sir Sagremor
Dinas’ name may have originally been a place name: Dinas is the Welsh word for “fortress”
Appears in

Béroul’s Tristan (late Twelfth Century AD)
Eilhart von Oberge’s Tristrant (Tristan) (AD 1170/1190)
Wolfram von Eschenbach’s Parzival (Perceval) (AD 1200/1210)
Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose (Prose Tristan) (AD 1225-1235, AD 1276)
La Tavola Ritonda (The Round Table) (AD 1325/1350)
(La) Vendetta (Che fe Messer Lanzelloto de la Morte) di (Miser) Tristano ((The) Revenge/Vengeance (taken by Sir Lancelot for the Death) of (Sir) Tristan) (Fourteenth Century AD)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

Manawyd(d)an ap/(fab)/(son of) Llyr
Sir (E)(s)pi(n)(g)nogre(s)/Epinogrus/Epinogris/Epinegris/Espinogrès/Epynogrys/Spinagrus/Spynagrose — son of the King Clarence of (North)umberland
Atlandor/Atlendor ap Naw/Naf
Gorasgwrn ap Nerth
Gwaeddan ap Cynfeln
§Gwarthegyd

Ap Caw
[Known historical personage]

Afaon/Addaon ap Taliesin
Llenlleawg Wyddel
Selyn ap Cynan (Garwyn)/(White Shank)
Gwres

Ap Rheged
The Standard Bearer

Blathaon ap Mwrheth
Gwenloynwyri ap Naw
Daned ap Ath
Goreu ap (Custennin)/(Constantine)
Gweir ap Gwestyl
Granwen ap Llyr
Cydfan ap/(son of) Arthur
Archfedd ap/(son of) Arthur
Ryawd ap Morgant
Dyfyr ap Alun Dyfed
Llara ap Casnir (Wleddig)/(the Mighty)
§Pasgen

Ap Urien
[Known historical personage]

Gilbert ap Cad(-)gyffro/(Battle-tumult)
Gwrthmwl Wledig
Cawrdaf ap Caradawg Freitchfras
Cadynaith ap Saidi
Rhun ap Maelgw(y)n/Malgo (of) Gwynedd
^Eirynwych

(Amheibyn)/(the Splendid)
Arthur’s Servant

Sir King Exclabor(t)/Astlabor/Scalabrone ly/le/li/the Viescovtiens/Mescogneu/Mesconneü/Mesconneuz/Unknown
Sir Feirefiz/Feirefis/Fe(i)rafiz/Firafiz
Sir Septius
Wigamur
Lord Sir Lionses
Sir Phariance
Sir Mariet de la Roche
Sir Guinas de Bloi
Sir Brian(t) de/of la/the Forest (Savage) — separate in Malory as

Sir Briant de la Forest Savage
Sir Brian of the Forest

Sir Bellaus
Sir Flannedrius of the Castle of Ladies
Sir Annecians
Sir Ladinas de la Rouse
Sir Emerause
Sir Caulas (the Red)
Sir Graciens le Castlein
Sir Blois de la Case
Sir Plaine de Amours
Sir Sorlouse of the Forest
Sir Ladinas of the Forest Savage
(Li) Bia(u)x/Beau/Biaus Coarz/Co(u)ars/Mauvais the Handsome Coward
Sir Ascamo(u)r(e)/Achinour/Ascomore/Askanere/Askanore/Escamour/Escanor

Fights in the Roman War and is wounded by the King of Libya
Joins Agravain and Mordred’s plot to expose the affair of Lancelot and Guinevere by trapping the two lovers in the queen’s chamber
Is killed by Lancelot in the ensuing battle
In Girart d’Amiens’ (Der Roman von) Escanor, he is Escanor the Handssome

King of the White Mountain and nephew of Escanor the Large
Gawain defeats him in combat after Escanor tries to abduct Sir Girflet
Consequent of this defeat, Gawain obtains Escanor’s horse, Gringolet, which had been given to Escanor by his lover, the Fairy Queen Esclarmonde
Later, Escanor wrongly accuses Gawain of his cousin’s murder
Gawain at first refuses to fight him, so Sir Galantivet, Gawain’s squire, ambushes and defeats Escanor
When Escanor and Gawain finally meet in combat, Gawain has the upper hand and would have killed his opponent, but a fairy named Felinete, who had once helped Gawain, intercedes and convinces Gawain to spare Escanor’s life
The two knights reconcile and become friends
Escanor retires to a hermitage after his wife dies

Appears in

Girart d’Amiens’ (Der Roman von) Escanor ((The Romance of) Escanor). (c AD 1280)
The Parlement of the Thre Ages (The Parliament of the Three Ages). mid/late Fourteenth Century AD.
Alliterative Morte Arthure (Alliterative Death of Arthur). c AD 1400 (Fourteenth/Fifteenth Century AD).
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

§(King Lac)/(Roi Lac)/(King Lake)

Father of Erec in Chrétien de Troyes’ Erec and Enide and its variants

According to Erec et Enide, King Lac dies of old age and his son Erec is made ruler of Lac’s kingdom by King Arthur
That kingdom is variously known as

Estre-Gales (probably “Outer Wales”, possibly Strathclyde or Striguil) with the capital Carrant or Carnant (possibly a Brittonic form of Nantes),
Destrigales in Hartmann von Aue’s Ere(c)(k) (late Twelfth Century AD),
Greater Orkney (Orcanie la Grant) in the Vulgate Cycle (early Thirteenth Century AD),
Saloliqui in the Post-Vulgate Cycle (early/mid Thirteenth Century AD),
and Black Isles in Palamedes (c AD 1240)

His counterpart in the Welsh Geraint and Enid is named Erbin

[Erbin ap (Constantine (Gorneu/Corneu))/(Custen(n)in Cerniw/Cernyw)/Constantinus* is a known historical personage]
*[this (Constantine (Gorneu/Corneu))/(Custennin/Custenin Cerniw/Cernyw)/Constantinus may be a conflated personage]

Knight in Guiron le Courtois/Courteous section of Palamedes
Thomas Malory retained him in this role in his Le Morte d’Arthur (AD 1485) as King of the Lake
In his redefinition in the Post-Vulgate Cycle, King Lac is son of Canan, a commoner-born Greek king

The Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (AD 1230/1240) tells of Lac’s poisoning by the sons of his brother, King Dirac,
and the young Erec’s exile from their kingdom of Saloliqui to Britain following Lac’s murder
Here, King Lac’s wife (Erec’s mother) was the sorceress Crisea (Ocise), the sister of Pelles the Fisher King

Besides Erec, King Lac’s children include a daughter, who appears unnamed in Chrétien’s Perceval (late Twelfth Century AD) but is called Jeschute in Parzival (late Twelfth/early Thirteenth Century AD)
Lac’s other sons include Brandelis in Palamedes and I Due Tristani (AD 1555), and Cligés in the First Continuation of Perceval (AD 1195/1200)
King Lac is however entirely unrelated to either Lancelot du Lac (of the Lake) or King Lot whose name is written as “Lac” in some Portuguese texts

§King Ne(n/x)tres/Nanter(s)/Na(u/y)(n)t(r)es/Neutre(s)/Newtr(e/i/y)s/Newtre(s)/Nextres/Uentres/Ventre(s/ƺ)(/Viautre) de/of Garloc/Garlot(h)/G(u)a(r)lerot/Sorhaut/(/Carlot)

King of Garlot
Considered to have been one of Uther’s knights
Marries Arthur’s half-sister

Blasine in Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin (AD 1220/1230s/1235) and (Of) Arthour and (of) Merlin (late Thirteenth Century AD); Elaine/Elayne in Malory

By whom he has the son Gales(c)hin
A daughter named Elaine

Belisent/Bellicent in (Of) Arthour and (of) Merlin (late Thirteenth Century AD)
Morgause, by which he fathers Galachin
Morgan in Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin (AD 1230/1240)

Looks after the young Morgan le Fay
Opposes Arthur’s claim to the British throne and joins a rebellion against him
Nentres’ son, Galescalain, opposed Nentres’ revolt and took service with Arthur
Arthur defeats the rebels at the battles of Caerleon and Bedegraine
The rebel kings have to return home to deal with a Saxon invasion
Nentres’ wife is kidnapped by the Saxons, but Gawain rescues her
After suffering several defeats at the hands of the Saxons,

Nentres and the others make peace with Arthur
Joins his forces
Crushes the Saxons at the battle of Clarence

During Arthur’s war with Rome, Nentres earns distinction by slaying King Alifatima of Spain
Arthur eventually appoints him to Knighthood
Appears as

Neutre in Le Livre d’Artus (early Thirteenth Century AD)
Uentres/Ventre(s/ƺ)(/Ne(n/x)tres) de/of Garloc/Garlot in Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin (AD 1220/1230s/1235)
Neutre of Sorhaut in Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin (AD 1230/1240)
Nantres/Nanter(s) in (Of) Arthour and (of) Merlin (late Thirteenth Century AD)
Newtr(e/i/y)s/Newtre(s) of Garlot in Henry Lovelich’s Merlin (c AD 1450)
Nentres/Nauntres/Newtrys in Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Nentres/Na(y/u)ntres in Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

Didot-Perceval’s Viautre de G(u)a(r)lerot may be the same character as Arthur’s brother-in-law
[B(u/o)dic(ius)/Buddig/Bewdick ap Cbrdan II/III, King of Cornouaille and Emyr Llydaw (Emperor of Brittany), is a known historical personage]

Chief Marshal Maud(u)it/Maldis/Malduz/Maldwiz the Wise
Gandelu(s)/Gandaluz/Ganedlu
Duke Chaleins/Chala(u)nce of Clarence/Clarance

Fought in the tournament at Sorelois
Appears later at the healing of Sir Urry/Urre

Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

Sir Banier
Eslit
Sir Earl Ulbause/Ulbawes/Ulban of Surluse/Sorelois

A Knight who appears at the Sorelois tournament
Is present at the healing of Sir Urry/Urre
Appears in

Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose (Prose Tristan) (AD 1225-1235, AD 1276)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur ((The) Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

Bri(i)en
Earl Aristause/Ariste/Aristant/Arysta(u)nse
Gwyn ap Esni
Yvain(s)/Yuain/Ewein/Iwan of/de/du Loenel(l)/Leonell/Lionel(l)/Nonel/Loeneis/Lothian
Yvain/Owein of Cavaliot/Cyveilioc
Sir Lovel(l)

Son of Gawain(e) and the Sister of Sir Brandiles/Brandelis
Joined the plot of Mordred and Agravain to expose the affair between Lancelot and Guinevere
With a dozen knights, they trapped Lancelot in Guinevere’s chambers
Lovell was slain by Lancelot in the subsequent battle
Appears in

Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur ((The) Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

Huon de Bordeaux — (The) Knight/Chevalier (with the)/(of the)/au Horn/Cor
The Youth with the Golden Ring
Gru(s) the Wrathful/Sullen
The Armourer
King Quenedic’s/Ganedic’s son
The Youth of Quintareus/Quine
Sir Duke Galihodin/Galihodyn/Galyhodyn/Gala(h)odin/Galehaudin/Galeheuduns/Gale(h)(a/o)(u)din/Galyhodin/Galyhodyn/Gal(l)i(n)d(r)es/Abastunagio (de Gaulis)/(of Gaul) of Saintonge, (le Gallois)/(the Welshman)

Galehaut’s nephew, godson, and his designated successor as the King of Sorelois
Galehodin is introduced in the Prose Lancelot as the young grandson of the King of Norgales (North Wales)
There he is the lord of the town and castle of Pennin (Peningue), and desires to follow the great hero Lancelot so he can learn from him
Galehodin is described as one of the tallest knights in the world, using a plain white shield with no identification symbols
Together with Mordred and Mador, he easily triumphs over the men of Gorre in a tournament against King Bagdemagus
In the Italian Tavola Ritonda, Galehaut’s heir is his son named Abastunagio, a character corresponding with that of Galehodin as he appears in Prose Tristan
Both appear in their respective texts in the role of the host of the great tournament in Sorelois
The Hebrew King Artus includes one Galaodin de Gaulis (of Gaul) among Lancelot’s followers
As Galehaut’s cousin, he appears as one of closest companions of Lancelot in Malory’s telling, in which Galahodin is given some of Galehaut’s traits from the French tradition
Galahodin, described as a sub-king in Sorelois, serves Lancelot as one of his chief knights during the war against Arthur, later joining him in the hermitage at the end of his life
One episode borrowed from Prose Tristan tells of Galahodin’s attempted kidnapping of Isolde, foiled by Palamedes
Lancelot appoints Galahodin as the Duke of Saintonge
He stays with Lancelot, Galyhod, and Gahalantyne as their fellow monk at the end

Sir Earl Galyhod/Galihud/Galyhud of Périgord

Lancelot’s relative
Close companion of Lancelot
Lancelot appoints him Earl of Périgord
He stays with Lancelot, Galahodin, and Gahalantyne as their fellow monk at the end

Sir Duke Liconal
Sir Menaduke/Meneduke of Mentoche

A Knight related to Lancelot
Alliterative Morte Arthure says that he was slain during the war against Mordred
Malory says

He joined Lancelot’s defection from Arthur’s court
Participated in the battles against Arthur at Joyous Guard and Benoic
In return for his support, Lancelot made him Earl of Rouerge

Appears in

Alliterative Morte Arthure (c AD 1400)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

Sir Earl Villiars/Vyllyers, the Valiant, of Béarn

A Knight related to Lancelot
When Lancelot and Guinevere are accused of treason,

Vyllyers pledges his support to Lancelot
Helps him rescue Guinevere from the stake

In return for his support, Lancelot makes him Earl of Béarn
After Arthur’s death,

Vyllyers joins Lancelot in an abbey at Glastonbury
Where he lives as a hermit until Lancelot’s death

After participating in Lancelot’s interment at Joyous Guard, Vyllyers returns to his own lands
Appears in

Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

Sir Launceor
Amauguin/Aumagwin the Red
Gales/Giles/Wales Lithauz the/li Bald/Bold/C(h)aus/Chaufs/Chans/Gaiz
Grain
Gornevain
Cara(h)(e)s/Carabes
Sir Miles of Llandys
Taulas of the Desert
Sir Petipas(e)/Petipace/Pettypas of Winchelsea

A knight defeated by Sir Tor during his quest to retrieve a white brachet stolen from Arthur’s court
Tor sends him to Arthur, who eventually appoints him to the Round Table
He later joins Mordred and Agravain in their plot to trap Lancelot and Guinevere in flagrante delicto
Is slain by Lancelot outside Guinevere’s chambers
Appears in

Syre Gawene and the Carle of Carlyle (Sir Gawain and the Carl/Churl of Carlisle) (c AD 1400)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

Gobrwy — son of Echel Vorddwyttwll
Sir Gal(l)eron/Galaron/Galeron/Geleron/Galvariun/Galvarium/Galyran of Galway

A Scottish knight in The Awntyrs off Arthur(e) at the Terne/Turne Wathelan/Wathelyn(e) whose lands were annexed by Arthur and given to Gawain
Angry, Galleron appeared at Arthur’s feast at Rondoles Hall and challenged any of Arthur’s knights to a duel
Gawain fought with him at Plumpton

Galleron proved strong and seemed to be winning at the beginning
When Gawain made a comeback, Galleron killed Gawain’s horse, Grissel
They fought for hours longer, and both were wounded severely but neither proved the victor
Finally, Galleron yielded to Gawain and ended the combat

For his bravery, Gawain bestowed upon Galleron all the lands that Arthur had annexed
Malory names him as one of the twelve conspirators who sought to catch Lancelot and Guinevere in flagrante delicto and expose their affair to Arthur
Lancelot killed him in the battle outside Guinevere’s chambers
Appears in

The Awntyrs off Arthur(e) at the Terne/Turne Wathelan/Wathelyn(e) (The Adventures of Arthur at the Lake/Tarn Wadling) (late Fourteenth/early Fifteenth Century AD)
Syre Gawene and the Carle of Carlyle (Sir Gawain and the Carl/Churl of Carlisle) (c AD 1400)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

Compare with

Galvariun/Galvarium

Who is depicted on The Archivolt/Archivault of the Porta della Pescheria on the Modena Cathedral (AD 1090/1120/1135/1140)
Is sometimes identified with Galeschin, or Gaheris of Orkney

Galyran

A Knight of Arthur’s court slain in the war against Mordred
In Alliterative Morte Arthure (Alliterative Death of Arthur) (c AD 1400))

Echel Vorddwyttwll
Bravain/Bravaen/Brainons
Labigod(e)s/Labigades the Courtly/Courteous
Sir Gromer(e) — son of Sir Grummor(e) Grummursum
Sir C(r)ossel(e)m(e)

Present at the healing of Sir Urry/Urre
Appears in

Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

Digon — son of Alar
Letron of Prepelesant
Sir Se(ve)rvau(s/c)e le Breuse

A Knight who is present at the healing of Sir Urry
The Lady of the Lake

Bade Severauce and Lancelot never to fight each other
They agreed

After that,

Severauce becomes known for rejecting battles with men
In favour of giants, dragons, and wild beasts

Appears in

Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

Breon(s)/Brion — son of Canodari/Canodan
The Count of Honolan
King Lona of France
Sir/Duke/King Brandiles/Brande(l)(is)/Brandalis/Brandaliz/Braudaliz/Brand(e)les/Brandel(i)z/Bran(dyle)s/(Brian (of the Isles)/(des Isles))/(Bra(n)(s) de Lis/Lys)/Brun(s)/
/Brasdelis/Brandalus/Blancheles/Brandilias/Brand(elidel)in/Branduz/Brandeban/Brandeharz/Brendalis/Maundalis,
de/of Gales/Wales, de (Taningues/Tranurgor), (le fils Lac)/(the son of Lac)
Bradwen — son of Iaen (?of Caer Dathal?)
Dirmyg — son of Kaw
Justic — son of Kaw
Sir Driant (of the Isle)
Etmic — son of Kaw
Sir Lambegus/Lambegue(n/s)/Lambegue(z/t)

A Gaulish knight who originally serves King Bors of Gannes as a tutor for Bors and Lionel, King Bors’ sons
When Gannes is conquered by Claudas, Lambegue unwillingly enters his service
Later,

He breaks faith
Starts a revolt
Tries to murder Claudas
Is foiled by the noble Pharien, his own uncle

He eventually reconciles with Pharien
Content that Bors and Lionel are being cared for by the Lady of the Lake,

Lambegue leave Gannes for Britain
Joins Arthur’s wars against the Saxons
Becomes a Knight

Bors saves him from execution in the forest of Roevent
Becomes a companion of Tristram (Tristan)
When Palamedes/Palomides succeeds by ruse in getting La Beale Isolde/Isoud

Lambegus boldly pursues Palamedes/Palomides
Attempts rescue of Isolde/Isoud
Is defeated easily by Palamedes/Palomides

Helps Gouvernail and Sir Sentraille de Lushon (Sentrayle of Lushon) rescue Tristram from the rocks by pulling him up with towels
After Tristram’s death Lambegus remains in Arthur’s court
Joins the Grail Quest and is present at Corbenic when Galahad completes it
Is killed fighting Lancelot and his men when Lancelot rescues Queen Guinevere from the stake
Appears in

Lancelot do Lac (Lancelot of the Lake) (AD 1215/1220)
Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper) (AD 1210s/1215/1230)
Le Livre d’Artus (The Book of Arthur) (early Thirteenth Century AD)
Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1230/1240)
Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose (Prose Tristan) (AD 1225-1235, AD 1276)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

Sir Duke Clarrus/Claryus

of Cler(e)mont
of Normandy

Sir Clod(d)rus

Present at the healing of Sir Urry/Urre
Appears in

Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

Kelin — son of Kaw
Sir Hectimere/Hectymere

Brother of Sir Edward of Carnarvon/Carnavron/Caernarfon and Sir Priamus/Pryamus
Appears in

Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

Con(n)yn — son of Kaw
Sir Edward of Carnarvon/Carnavron/Caernarfon

Brother of Sir Hectymere and Sir Pryamus
Present at the healing of Sir Urry/Urre
His home is a town in Wales
Appears in

Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

Sir Duke Dinas(so)/Dynas/Tinas

Brother of Meles the Tall
Appears in Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1230/1240)

Sir Duke Priamus/Pryamus of Lorraine

Brother of

Edward of Carnarvon
Hectymere

In Malory (following the plot of Alliterative Morte Arthure),

An Italian knight who joins Arthur’s service during the Roman War with Emperor Lucius
He is originally an ally of Lucius
Claims descent from Alexander of Africa and Judas Maccabeus
Gawain meets him while foraging for supplies in northern Italy
They fight in single combat
Develop such a respect for each other’s prowess that they become fast friends
He defects from Lucius to join forces with King Arthur
Priamus provides Gawain with information about the Duke of Lorraine
He helps Gawain defeat the Duke’s brigade of Roman soldiers
In reward,

Arthur has him baptised
Gives him a seat at the Round Table
Appoints him as the new Duke of Lorraine

Lancelot kills him while rescuing Guinevere from the stake

Appears in

Alliterative Morte Arthure (Alliterative Death of Arthur) (c AD 1400)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

Meilic — son of Kaw
Sir Brian de Listinoise

Was liberated from the dungeon of Lord Tericam by Lancelot
Appears in

Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

Possibly confused/conflated with one of the three “Brian of the Isles”

Sir Gau(n)ter(e)

Separate in Malory as

Sir Gaunter
Sir Gautere

A knight from Cornwall
Brother of Sir Arnold
One of three unfortunate knights who attacked a knight that they thought was Kay

It was actually Lancelot, disguised in Kay’s armor
The trio got the surprise of their lives

As a condition of his surrender, Lancelot made him go to Camelot and surrender to Guinevere
Fought at the Castle Perilous tournament
Present at the healing of Sir Urry/Urre
Killed fighting Lancelot and his men when Lancelot rescued Guinevere from the stake
Appears in

Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

Sir Raynold/Reynold

Knight who attacks Lancelot (disguised in Kay’s armour)
Raynold and his companions,

Gyllymer and Gautere
Had thought that the inferior Kay was their opponent
Receive the surprise of their lives

Is killed fighting Lancelot and his soldiers when Lancelot rescues Guinevere from the stake
Appears in

Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

Ergyryad — son of Kaw
Sir Gil(le)mere/Gillimer(e)/Gillmor/Gilmarium/Gylomar

Not to be confused with similarly named three different Kings of Ireland in early Arthurian chronicles

Gilloman(ius)/Gillomaurus/Gillomen/Guillomer
Gillomaur/G(u)illam(a)ur(ius)/Gillamore
Gillomaur/Guillamure/Gwyl(o)mar/Colman/Villamus

Gillmor/Gilmarium/Gylomar

An Irish warrior who joined Mordred’s rebellion against King Arthur
Killed at the battle of Camel (Camla(u)n(n))
Appears in

Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Regum Britanniæ (History of Kings of Britain), or De Gestis Britonum (Of Deeds of Britons) (AD 1136/1138/1139)
Robert Wace of Jersey’s Roman de Brut (Romance of Brutus, or A History of the British), or Geste des Bretons (Deeds of the British/Britons/Bretons) (AD 1155)

Separate in Malory as

Sir Gillimer
Sir Gilmere

Neb — son of Kaw
Sir Guyart/Guiart/Gwyarte/Gyvreiz/Gui(v)re(t/z)/Guivres/Gvires/Guimar/Gumret/Gimires/Gwiffred/Cuiret (le Petit(e))/(the Small/Younger)

The diminutive King of Ireland in Chrétien de Troyes’ Érec et Énide and Welsh (Geraint/)Gereint ac Enid
Also known as the Little King
His rich castle is called Pointure or Penefrec
His two sisters are named Filledamor and Guenteflur
Erec and Enide enters Guivret’s land uninvited during their journey, for which Guivret challenges Erec to combat
Though Guivret is a fierce warrior, his size makes him agile and hard to strike
Erec eventually overcomes him
The two knights become fast friends
When Guivret hears of Erec’s imprisonment at the hands of Count Oringle,

he sets out to liberate his friend,
finding upon his arrival that Erec has already killed the count

Guivret accompanies Erec back to Arthur’s court after a sojourn in the city of Brandigan, where Erec completes the Joy of the Court adventure
Ulrich von Zatzikhoven’s Lanzelet, a magical mantle brought to Arthur’s court reveals that Guivret’s wife hates him because of his dwarfish size
In Prose Tristan, he is present at the tournament of Sorelois
Appears in

Chrétien de Troyes’ Érec et Énide (Geraint and Enid) (c AD 1170)
Hartmann von Aue’s Ere(c)(k) (Geraint) (c AD 1185)
Ulrich von Zatzikhoven’s Lanzelet (Lancelot) (c AD 1200)
Erex Saga (Geraint’s Saga) (second quarter of the Thirteenth Century AD)
(Geraint/)Gereint ac Enid ((Geraint/)Gereint and Enid) (Thirteenth Century AD)
Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose (Prose Tristan) (AD 1225-1235, AD 1276)

May be identical with Guivret the Younger

Son of Sir Pelleas and the Lady Arcade
Appears in Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin (Story of Merlin) (AD 1220/1230s/1235)

Sir Earl Bellang(e)re/Bellenger(us)/Bellangerus/Bellinger

(le Beau)/(le Beuse)/(the Bewse)/(of Magouns)
Son of (lisa(u)nder/Alisandre/Alexander (le O(r)phelin)/(the Orphan) and Alice the Fair Pilgrim
Avenged the death of his father and his grandfather, Prince Bodwyne, by killing King Mark of Cornwall
Pledged his support to Lancelot and helped him rescue Guinevere from the stake
He fought alongside Lancelot

when Arthur laid siege to Joyous Guard
and, later, Benoic
In return for his support, Lancelot made him the Earl of the Laundes

Appears in

Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

Sir Alisa(u)nder/Alisandre//Alexander le/the O(r)phelin/Orphan
Sir Andred/Adreitte/Aldret/Andret/Andrew/Antret/Audret/Alebruno/Adriecche
Sir King Morganore — separate in Malory as

Sir King Morganore

A king killed by King Ban of Benoic at the battle of Bedegraine
Appears in

Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

Sir Morganor(e)

Knight who was defeated outside Camelot by Tristan
Senschal of the King of the Hundred Knights
Appears in

(Of) Arthour and (of) Merlin ((Of) Arthur and (of) Merlin) (late Thirteenth Century AD)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

Sir Sentrail(l)e/Sentrayle de/of Lushon

A Knight loyal to Tristan
With Governal and Lambegus,

He rescues Tristan
After Tristan escapes the treachery of Andred, King Mark’s seneschal

Appears in

Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

Ysperini — son of King Fflergant of Armorica
Sir Bellangere/Belliance/Bellyas le Orgul(o)us, the Proud

A knight who tried to avenge his brother Frolle’s death at the hands of Lamorat
Was defeated by Lamorat in combat
Lamorat granted him mercy
The two knights became friends
Was killed fighting Lancelot and his men when they rescued Guinevere from the stake
Appears in

Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

Sir Earl Nero(n/v)e(o)(u/n)s de/of ((Lile)/(the Isle)), of Pardiac

Knighted by Lancelot at the Red Castle
He guarded a bridge called the Bridge of Giants
Lancelot gave him the lands surrounding Pendragon Castle when he conquered the castle from Sir Brian of the Isles
When Lancelot and Guinevere were accused of treason, Neroneus pledged his support to Lancelot and helped him rescue Guinevere from the stake
In return for his support, Lancelot made him Earl of Pardiac
Appears in

Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose (Prose Tristan) (AD 1225-1235, AD 1276)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

Sir Earl Plenorius of Foix

Son of Ceron
Brother of

Playne de Amours
Plaine/Playne de Force/Fors
Pillounes
Pellogris
Pellandris

He rules a fortress in the Straits of Sorelois in which many knights are imprisoned
Lancelot and Brunor the Black liberate the fortress by defeating Plenorius and his brothers
They let him keep the fortress provided he pledges allegiance to Arthur
He later becomes a Knight
When Lancelot and Guinevere were accused of treason,

Plenorius pledges his support to Lancelot
Helps him rescue Guinevere from the stake

In return for his support, Lancelot makes him the Earl of Foix
Appears in

Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose (Prose Tristan) (AD 1225-1235, AD 1276)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

Sir Dar(r)as
Sir Erminide
Sir Earl Selises/Sel(e)yses/Celices of the Dolorous Tower, of Marsan

Nephew of the King with a Hundred Knights (King/Roi Barant/Berrant)
He won honour at a tournament at Camelot
Fought at the Leverzep tournament
He was infatuated with Isolde
When Lancelot and Guinevere were accused of treason,

Celices pledges his support to Lancelot
Helps him to rescue Guinevere from the stake
He fights alongside Lancelot when Arthur lays siege to Joyous Guard, and, later, Benoic
In return for his support, Lancelot makes him Earl of Marsan

Appears in

Palamedes (c AD 1240)
Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose (Prose Tristan) (AD 1225-1235, AD 1276)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

Sir Edward/Adoart of Orkney

Cousin of Gawain and brother of Sadoc who fought for Arthur at the Leverzep tournament
Present at the healing of Sir Urry/Urre
Appears in

Palamedes (c AD 1240)
Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose (Prose Tristan) (AD 1225-1235, AD 1276)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

Sir Arrok de Greva(u)nt
“Sir Degrevant”

Sir Degre(e)vant/Degrevance/Degrevans/Degrevuaund/Degrivaunce/Degrivuant/Degryvaunt/Egrivaunt
Described as Arthur’s nephew, his name may derive from a corruption of Agravain
While Degrevant participates in a crusade, his neighbour, Earl Sere, invades and ravages his lands
Upon receiving word of this invasion, Degrevant returns and defeats the earl in combat
At the earl’s castle, Degrevant meets and falls in love with Melidor, the earl’s daughter
He defeats the Duke of Gerle, one of Melidor’s suitors
Degrevant and Melidor enjoy a year-long secret romance before the earl learns of the affair and tries to ambush Degrevant
The plot fails, and in the aftermath the earl decides to reconcile with the knight
Degrevant and Melidor marry and have thirty years together before Melidor dies
Degrevant then returns to the crusades, in which he perishes
Present at Lancelot’s healing of Sir Urry/Urre
Appears in

Sir Degrevant (c AD 1400)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

Sir Degrane/Degrave sunace/sa(u)nce/sans/without Velany/Vil(l)a(i)ny

Present at the healing of Sir Urry/Urre
Once fought the Giant of the Black Lowe, an adventure not recounted in existing legend
Appears in

Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

Sir Lamiel/Lamyel of Cardiff

Present at the healing of Sir Urry/Urre
Apparently a ‘great lover’
Appears in

Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

Sir Plaine/Playne de Force/Fors

A knight who guards a fortress in Sorelois
Son of Ceron
Brother of

Playne de Amours
Plenorius
Pillounes
Pellogris
Pellandris

He eventually becomes a Knight
Appears in

Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)

Kynwyl Sant
Sir Pedivere/Pedyvere of the Strai(gh)t Marches
Eus — son of Erim
Henbedestyr — son of Erim
Llysgadrudd Emys
Drem — son of Dremidyd
Henwas

Henwyneh
An Old Companion to Arthur

Gwallgoyc
?King Paris of France?
Osla Gyllellvawr
The First Son of ((Lloch/Llwch) (Llawwynnyawc/Llawwynnyawg))
The Second Son of ((Lloch/Llwch) (Llawwynnyawc/Llawwynnyawg))
King Gwyllennhin of France
King Gwittart of Ireland — son of Oedd
Ffleudor — son of Nav
K(u)eli
Gwadyn Ossol/Odveith
Hirerwm/Hiratrwm
Bridei ap Maelgwyn Gwynedd
Gwyddrud/Gwyddneu Astrus — son of Cast Rhvmi
Sugyn — son of Sugnedydd
Dy(f)gyflwng
Anoeth (Veidawg)/(the Bold)
Hir Eiddvl/Amreu
Yskyrdav/Ycudydd
Kyfwlch ap/(son of) Gleddyf Kvfwlch ap/(son of) Cleddyf Difwlch
Sefwlch ap/(son of) Gleddyf Kvfwlch ap/(son of) Cleddyf Difwlch
Glust — son of Glustveinad
Medyr — son of Methredydd
Gwiawn Llvgad Cath
Ol — son of Olwydd
Sir Damas/Domas — Reformed Co-Conspirator of Morgan in the Accolon-Excalibur Plot
Sir Azreal?/Azrael?
“Sir Méraugis”

Sir Méraugis/Meraugis/Maraghise/Mera(u)gys/Meralgis
of Portlesguez
A Knight of the Round Table
Hero of Raoul de Houdenc’s Méraugis de Portlesguez

He vies with his friend Gorvain Cadrut for the love of the lady Lidoine, whom they both meet at the torament of Lindesores
A court of maidens chaired by Guinevere rules that Meraugis, who loves Lidoine for her courtesy, is more deserving than Gorvain Cadrut, who loves her for her beauty
At Lidoine’s behest, Meraugis embarks on a series of adventures designed to make himself worthy of her
During the adventures, Meraugis becomes separated from Lidoine, and rumours circulate of his death
He reunites with Lidoine in time to prevent her forced marriage to Sir Espinogres
Meraugis eventually reconciles with Gorvain

Vulgate Suite du Merlin lists him among Arthur’s companions who fight against King Rions and the Saxons
In Post-Vulgate,

We learn that Meraugis is the son of King Mark of Cornwall and Ladiana, Mark’s niece
Mark slays Ladiana after she gives birth, and he leaves the infant Meraugis hanging in the woods
A forester finds and raises him, baptising him with the name ‘Meraugis of Portlesguez’ after a local knight
Meraugis joins Arthur’s service and, during the Grail Quest, he helps Erec to avenge Erec’s father’s death by conquering the castle of Celis
He buries Erec’s body in Camelot when Erec is slain by Gawain
At Camelot, he takes Erec’s seat at the Round Table and learns of his true lineage
He embarks on more adventures with Galahad and Hector, with whom he conquers the Castle of Treachery
After Arthur’s death at Salisbury, he joins the Archbishop of Canterbury in a monastery
He is eventually slain by Sir Licanor the Great, who serves King Mark

Appears in

Raoul de Houdenc’s Méraugis de Portlesguez (Méraugis of Portlesguez) (late Twelfth/early Thirteenth Century AD)
Raoul de Houdenc’s Messire Gauvain, ou la Vengeance Raguidel (Sir Gawain, or the Avenging of Raguidel) (late Twelfth/early Thirteenth Century AD)
Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin (Story of Merlin) (AD 1220/1230s/1235)
Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail) (AD 1230/1240)
Post-Vulgate Mort Artu (Death of Arthur) (AD 1230/1240)
Luce de Gat’s and Helie de Boron’s Tristan en Prose (Prose Tristan) (AD 1225-1235, AD 1276)
(Of) Arthour and (of) Merlin ((Of) Arthur and (of) Merlin) (late Thirteenth Century AD)
A Demanda do Santo/Santa Graal (The Demand/Quest of the Holy Grail) (late Thirteenth/early Fourteenth Century AD)

“Sir Lorois”

Lorois, a knight at the court of King Arthur, lives in the castle of Morois, which can be identified with Moray in Scotland
One day, he leaves the castle to go deep into the forest, where he hopes to hear the song of the nightingale
There, he sees eighty beautiful young women and their lovers, elegantly dressed and riding leisurely through the forest
They are soon followed by another eighty women, their lovers, and their horses, talking and laughing
The third group of women, however, numbers one hundred
These women are alone, haggard, shabbily dressed, and trotting through the forest, sitting on saddles of straw
Lorois cannot be silent any more and must know the meaning of this procession
He talks to one of the unfortunate women who explains that the one hundred and sixty happy maidens were true in love and are being rewarded for obeying love’s commands
The one hundred miserable maidens never knew love and are now being punished
She tells Lorois to return to his castle and tell all the young women of their plight so that more do not make the same mistake
Appears in (Li Lai del) Trot ((The Lai of the) Trotter) (AD 1180/1184/1200/1220/1267)

“Sir Mériadeuc”

Sir King Meriadeuc/Meriadoc
Son of Bléhéris/Bleheri, a knight slain unwittingly by Gawain in the service of Brien de la Gastine
When he comes of age, Meriadeuc goes to Arthur’s court and becomes Gawain’s squire
Ignorant of his real name, he is called “Handsome Young Man”
When Lady Lore of Cardigan comes to court wearing a sword (formerly belonging to Bléhéris) that no knight could unbuckle, Meriadeuc

Asks Arthur to make him a knight
Attempts the test himself
Succeeds

Fastening Lore’s sword over the one bestowed by Arthur, he earns the name the Knight with the Two Swords
He departs immediately to seek adventure, despite the pleas of Lore, whom Arthur has promised to wed to the knight who could pass the test
Meriadeuc soon proves his prowess by defeating King Ris (Rions/Rience), one of Arthur’s enemies
He travels with Gawain for a time, but upon learning that Gawain killed his father, he shuns Gawain’s company
Arriving at his family’s home at the Lake of Twins, he learns the true story of his father’s death
He avenges his father by slaying Brien de la Gastine
His mother brings about a reconciliation between Meriadeuc and Gawain
He heals a knight named Gaus at the Fountain of Marvels by striking him with a magic sword, and finds his true name written on the sword
After defeating the Red Knight of the Perilous Valley, another enemy of Arthur, Meriadeuc returns to Arthur’s court, where he marries Lore
He becomes the King of Cardigan and has two children with his wife
Appears in Mériadeuc, or Le Chevalier aux/as Deux/Deus Épées/Espees (Meriadoc, or The Knight of the Two Swords) (c AD 1225/1250)

“Sir Meleranz”

Sir King Meleranz
Arthur’s nephew and hero of Der Pleier’s Meleranz
Son of Olimpia, Arthur’s sister, and King Linefles of France
As an adolescent, he runs away to Arthur’s court
On the way, he meets a maiden named Tydomie, Queen of Kamerie, bathing under a tree, and the two fall in love
He is knighted by Arthur and has several adventures, culminating in his return to Karmerie to save Tydomie, who is being forced by her uncle to marry King Libers of Lorgan
Meleranz and Tydomie marry and rule Terrandes, which Meleranz had liberated from the giant Godonas
They have a daughter named Olimpia and two sons named Lazaliez and Medanz
Appears in Der Pleier’s Meleranz (AD 1240/1270).

“Sir Tandareis”

Sir Tandareis
Hero of Der Pleier’s Tandareis and Flordibel
Son of King Dulcemar and Queen Antikonie of Tandernas, Tandareis goes to Arthur’s court as a youth and serves as a page
Arthur assigns him to Flordibel, one of Guinevere’s maidservants, and over the course of ten years, Tandareis and Flordibel fall deeply in love
Arthur had sworn to kill any man who won Flordibel’s love, so the two lovers flee to Tandernas, which Arthur subsequently besieges
After several battles in which Tandareis proves his knightly skill, Dulcemar and Gawain manage to convince Arthur to declare peace
Still angry at Tandareis’ offense, Arthur banishes him from his court into foreign lands so that Tandareis could establish honour through adventure
Tandareis embarks on a series of quests, during which he

Liberates the lands of Malmontan and Mermin from the evil giant Karedoz
Saves a queen named Albiun from a knight named Kurion
Rescues the maiden Claudin from Count Kalubin
Is imprisoned by a malevolent knight named Kandalion

During his imprisonment, he is kept alive by Antonie, Kandalion’s sister, who lets him out three times so that he can attend tournaments at Arthur’s court
Kandalion releases him when he learns that Arthur, who had heard of Tandareis’ adventures and wanted him back, is offering a substantial reward for news of Tandareis
Tandareis returns to Arthur’s court in glory and, after some complications in which Claudin and Antonie both claim the right to wed him, Tandareis and Flordibel are married
Tandareis graciously bestows Malmontan and Mermin on his parents, but stays to rule them as steward and heir
Appears in Der Pleier’s Tandareis und Flordibel (Tandareis and Flordibel) (AD 1240/1270)

“Sir Edolanz”

Sir Edolanz
A knight who, in the German romance bearing his name,

Rescues Gawain by slaying a giant
Protects a besieged town
Wins a sparrowhawk tournament at Arthur’s court

Appears in

Edolanz (AD 1230/1250, AD 1300)
Albrecht von Scharfenberg’s Der Jüngere(r)/Jungerer Titurel (The Younger Titurel) (c AD 1260/1272/1275)
Konrad von Stoffeln’s Gauriel von Muntabel (popularly known as The Knight with the Goat) (late Thirteenth Century AD)

“Sir Claris”

Sir Claris
Protagonist of Claris et Laris
Son of Duke Edaris, he joins the Round Table with his friend and constant companion, Laris
His numerous adventures include

Saving Laris from the affections of a fairy named Madoine
Helping Arthur to save King Urien from a siege by King Tallas of Denmark

Claris falls in love with Lidoine, the wife of the king of Gascony and the sister of Laris
After the king dies, Claris saves Lidoine from an attack by Savari the Spaniard and marries her, becoming the King of Gascony and Spain
Appears in Claris et Laris (Claris and Laris) (AD 1268)

“Sir Laris”

Sir La(i)r(r)is/Larys/Layris
One of the heroes of Claris et Laris
An Arthurian knight, he is the son of Emperor Henry of Germany and the best friend of Claris
He falls in love with Marine, sister of Yvain and daughter of King Urien
This enrages his previous paramour, the fairy Madoine, with whom Laris already has a child
Madoine imprisons Laris, but Claris rescues him
With Claris and Arthur, Laris saves Urien from a siege by King Tallas of Denmark, another of Marine’s suitors
Laris is captured and imprisoned by Tallas
Merlin guides Arthur’s Sir Brandaliz to Laris’ prison, and Brandaliz frees him
Laris marries Marine and becomes King of Denmark, which Arthur has stripped from Tallas
Laris’ sister, Lidoine, marriess Claris
Appears in Claris et Laris (Claris and Laris) (AD 1268)

“Sir Floriant”

Sir King/Emperor Floriant
A knight, briefly of Arthur’s court, who is the hero of Floriant et Florete
His father, King Eliadus of Sicily, is murdred by a treacherous seneschal, Maragoz, while Floriant is still in his mother’s womb
Floriant’s mother, fleeing from Maragoz, gives birth to Floriant in a forest
Morgan le Fay spirits the child to safety and raises him in her castle at Mongibel (an enfances that parallels Lancelot)
When he comes of age, he leaves Mongibel to seek adventure

Saves Queen Alemandine of the White City from a monster
Rescues a collection of Arthur’s knights from the prison of the tyrant Moradas
Kills some giants
Has several other adventures, culminating in his victory at a tournament at Arthur’s court

Eventually, he learns that his mother is still under siege from Maragoz, and he convinces Arthur to assist in the rescue
Maragoz secures the alliance of Emperor Filimenis of Constantinople
The armies meet in Sicily
Floriant falls in love with Florete, Filimenis’ daughter
Defeating Maragoz in single combat, Floriant ends the war and sees his father’s murderer executed
Floriant and Florete marry, become king and queen of Sicily, and have a son named Froart
Accused of inactivity (like Erec), Floriant

Abandons his throne
Embarks with his wife on another series of adventures, ending with the rescue of Rome from a Saracen invasion

When Filimenis dies, Floriant becomes Emperor of Constantinople and Greece
At the end of their lives, Floriant and Florete join Morgan le Fay in her enchanted castle, where Arthur is to be brought after the final battle
Appears in Floriant et Floret(t)e (Floriant and Floret(t)e) (c AD 1250/1275/1283)

“Sir Torec”

Sir King To(e)rec(ke)
Hero of a romance by Jacob van Mærlant

Born to King Ydor and Lady Tristouse, he learns that a magic circlet has been stolen from his grandmother, Mariole
He tracks down the thief, named Bruant, but learns that the circlet was in the possession of Bruant’s sister-in-law, Miraude, the most beautiful maiden in the world
She agrees to marry Torec if he could defeat all the Knights of the Round Table
Gawain, Torec’s friend,

Arranges for all of the other knights to release the girths of their saddles so that they would be defeated at the first blow
Torec is thus able to defeat all the knights except Arthur

Miraude nonetheless allows him to marry her, and he ascends his father’s throne

In Lancelot(-)Compilatie Torec

Beginnings and the Curse of the Golden Circlet

The Origin of the Quest

King Briant of the Red Island discovers a beautiful maiden, Mariole, in a forest, found high up in a tree
She wears a magical golden circlet reputed to bring great good fortune, a treasure long sought by the knights of the Round Table

Tragic Turns

Briant marries Mariole; however, the circlet is soon stolen by Bruant van den Montagne, who, while dividing property among three orphaned sisters, sees the eldest claim the circlet
This act causes ruin: Mariole becomes destitute, Briant dies, and Mariole must cast her newborn daughter to sea

A New Beginning

The daughter is rescued by King Ydor of the Baser River, who names her Tristoise and later takes her as his wife
Out of their union is born Torec, a birth marked by his mother’s first laugh
At age twenty, when his mother reveals a letter from her foundling days explaining the stolen circlet, Torec vows to retrieve it, prompting his mother’s second laugh

Torec’s Adventurous Campaign

Early Exploits (Torec embarks on his quest, achieving several notable feats)

Frees a damsel from seven robber knights
Overcomes an oppressive custom upheld by twelve evil knights
Duels a mysterious Black Knight, who vanishes mid-fight

The Castle of Bruant

Meeting Melions, who directs him to Bruant’s castle, Torec slays giants and lions guarding it
In a subsequent duel with Bruant, he wins but is injured by a poisoned sword
Bruant reveals that his wealthy, single sister-in-law now owns the circlet, and she has sworn to marry only a knight who can defeat the entire Round Table, a condition that also promises the healing of Torec’s wound

Encounters and Setbacks

Along his journey, in the forest near Castle Fort, he defeats the enchanted knight Claes van den Briel, liberating him from his curse
Torec raises a temporary rebellion by lifting the siege at the castle of the Damsel of Montesclare, who in thanks imprisons him

Interwoven Fates and Shifting Narratives

Melions’ Parallel Journey (While Torec’s adventures continue, the tale shifts to Melions)

Mourning his lost beloved, Melions wins a tournament and defends King Morligant’s daughter from the unwanted suitor Raguel
After challenging Raguel to combat, resulting in a draw, the two eventually become friends

Torec’s Continued Challenges (After regaining freedom from the dungeon)

Torec listens to the Damsel of Montesclare’s story, only to see her subsequently kidnapped by an ogre, a cry for help he chooses to ignore
Duels a Red Knight (who, like the Black Knight, disappears mysteriously) and defeats a robber knight, once banished from Arthur’s court for stabbing Keye (Kay)
At the Ford of Adventure, amid two duels with a huge Black Knight (losing one, winning the other, and sparing his foe), he finally reaches Castle Druant
There, a fierce battle leaves both him and the foe grievously wounded, but Torec emerges victorious and is healed of the poisoned wound

Love, Betrayal, and the Restoration of Order

Melions’ Redemption

Melions, accompanied by Raguel, sets out to free King Morligant’s daughter
Despite Raguel’s betrayal, claiming the rescue and the hand of the princess, the truth emerges at court
The king then orders his daughter to wed Melions, and Raguel is executed

Torec’s Courtly Adventures

Torec, leaving Druant’s castle, encounters a White Knight who vanishes during their fight, and meets a damsel stripped of her thirty castles by King Arthur for failing to appear at court
Taking up her cause, he rides to Tintagel
Although Arthur upholds the original sentence, the knight Walewein (Gawain) voices his dissent
Torec defeats Ywein (Yvain) in combat, recovers her estates, and declines an offer to join the Round Table
Further, he defends another damsel’s honour and then conquers ten knights harassing the servants of Ydras, eventually being taken to an island where he visits the enchanting ‘Chamber of Wisdom’ in a castle ruled by a mysterious, elf-like relative

The Quest for Miraude and the Circlet

Torec has further adventures involving capture and duels: first, winning a tournament disguised as his captor, and second, dueling the persistent Red Knight tormenting a chatelaine’s family
Eventually, he is challenged by his great uncle—previously the guide to the Chamber of Wisdom—and meets Miraude
She sets a condition: she will marry him only if he can defeat all the knights of the Round Table
In a rigged battle (with Walewein arranging for all knights to have their saddle girths cut, ensuring they fall off), Torec unhorses every challenger but insists on being unhorsed himself
Arthur, riding in disguise, confronts him and, by an unconventional bear-hug and wrestling, unhorses him

The Finale

Torec journeys to court with Miraude
At their wedding feast

Miraude dons the golden circlet
Tristoise laughs for the third and final time
Torec ascends the throne, bringing his romance to a close

Appears in

Jacob van Mærlant’s To(e)rec(ke) (c AD 1262/1280)
Lancelot(-)Compilatie Torec (AD 1322/1323)

“Sir Guiron”

Sir G(u)(i)ron(e)/Gyron
The Courteous (le Courtois)
Hero of the French Palamedes
A peerless knight, he is descended from King Clovis of France on the side of his father (Fragus) and from Joseph of Arimathea on his mother’s side
Roger Sherman Loomis though that his character comes from Gwyron in the Mabinogion tales, he rules the Green Wood
Is an ally of Tristan’s father Meliadus, whom he aids in a war against Scotland
According to La Tavola Ritonda,

He becomes an enemy of the Round Table after suffering disgrace at Uther Pendragon’s court
A lady whom he had abducted from Gariosso of Maganza lied to Uther, saying that Gariosso had stolen her from Guiron
Uther has Guiron dragged around the fields of Urbano from a cart, as is the punishment for cuckolds

Guiron loves the lady of Malehaut, who happens to be married to Danain the Red, Guiron’s best friend
When she is entrusted to Guiron’s care,

He nearly has an affair with her
But some noble words written on his sword (which had belonged to Hector the Brown) shames him to the point of near suicide

In revenge for Guiron’s intentions, Danain abducts Bloie, Guiron’s amie (“female friend”)
Guiron rescues her and reconciles with Danain when Danain saves him from a knight named Helin
Guiron and Bloie are later imprisoned by a wicked lord named Galinan
Bloie dies in the prison after giving birth to Guiron’s son, whom Galinan raised and named after himself
Lancelot eventually frees Guiron from the prison
In another adventure, he is imprisoned by the giant Nabon the Black until rescued by Tristan
The Fountain of Guiron the Courteous commemorates Guiron’s rescue of King Arthur from the giant Hebusan
After many other adventures, Guiron retires to the tomb of Febus, his renowned ancestor, where he dies
Appears in

Palamedes (AD 1235/1240)
Rustichello da Pisa’s Roman de Roi Artus (Romance of King Arthur) (c AD 1298)
La Tavola Ritonda (The Round Table) (AD 1325/1350)

“Sir Miraudijs”

Sir Miraudijs
Knight of the Sleeve
Hero of the Dutch romance (D(i)e) Ridder(e) metter Mouwen
His mother is a queen, but he is raised in a monastery
During his numerous adventures, in which he overcomes knights, giants, and beasts, he carries the sleeve of his paramour, Clarette, on the tip of his lance
Embarks on a successful quest to find his father
Eventually wins the right to marry Clarette during a tournament at Arthur’s court
Appears in (D(i)e) Ridder(e) metter Mouwen ((The) Knight with the Sleeve), or Roman van den Ridder(e) metter Mouwen (Romance of the Knight with the Sleeve) (AD 1281/1282/1300)

“Sir Galleman”

Sir Galleman
One of Arthur’s knights in the German story of Antelan
He is defeated in combat by King Antelan
Appears in Antelan, or König Anteloy (King Antelan) (Thirteenth/Fourteenth Century AD)

“Sir Baldwin”

Sir Bishop Baldwin/Baudew(i/y)n(s)/Bawd(e)w(i/y)n(e)/Bodwine/Bitwini/Bedwini
Of Britain/Brittany
A knight or bishop in Arthur’s court who pops up in a number of fifteenth-century Middle English verse romances
He is perhaps derived from the Welsh Bitwini/Bedwini, the Bishop
Malory names him as an early supporter of Arthur who fights beside the king against the rebellious British kings at Caerleon and Bedegraine
In reward, Arthur gives Baldwin he title of constable and appoints him regent of Britain during the Roman War (in which Alliterative Morte Arthure says he dies)
He eventually retires to a hermitage near Camelot
Baldwin is among Arthur’s knights in Sir Gawayne and the Greene Knight, Syre Gawene and the Carle of Carlyle, The Carle off Carlisle, and The Avowing of King Arthur, Sir Gawain, Sir Kay, and Baldwin of Britain

Both of the Carle romances portray him as a somewhat conceited and churlish bishop
Avowing, however, features an episode in which Arthur tests Baldwin, who resolved never to be jealous over a woman, never to fear death, and never to deny hospitality to anyone who asks for it
Baldwin passes each test
In each of the latter three poems, he appears as a companion of Gawain and Kay

Appears in:

The Avowing of King Arthur, Sir Gawain, Sir Kay, and Baldwin of Britain (Thirteenth/Fourteenth Century AD)
Sir Gawayne and the Greene Knight (Sir Gawain and the Green Knight) (c AD 1400)
Alliterative Morte Arthure (Alliterative Death of Arthur) (c AD 1400)
Syre Gawene and the Carle of Carlyle (Sir Gawain and the Carl/Churl of Carlisle) (c AD 1400)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
(This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485)
The Carle off Carlisle (early Sixteenth Century AD)

“Sir Méliador”

Sir M(é/e)liador
The son of the Duke of Cornwall
One of Arthur’s knights
Heard that Hermondine, the daughter of the King of Scotland, would marry the knight who is the victor in a series of tournaments
Meliador travels to Scotland and kills Camel, one of Hermondine’s suitors
He is victorious in a tournament at Roxburgh against over fifteen hundred knights, and is able to marry the princess
Has a sister named Phenonee
Appears in Je(h)an Froissart’s Méliador (AD 1361/1369)

“Sir Carduino”

Sir Carduino
Hero of the Italian Cantari di Carduino, a Fair Unknown story
After the jealous knight Aguerisse (Gareth or Gaheris) murders Carduino’s noble father, Dondinello (Dodinel), his mother raises him in a remote forest and tries to keep him from becoming a knight
Enticed by the sight of a group of knights, however, Carduino leaves home for Arthur’s court
In subsequent adventures, he avenges his father’s murder and frees a city from a sorcerer’s hold
He marries Beatrice, the lady of the city
The account of Carduino’s youth hints of Perceval’s childhood, while his later adventures bear resemblance to the story of Gingalain
Appears in (I) Cantari di Carduino ((The) Songs of Carduino) (c AD 1370)

“Sir Carl”

Sir/The Carl(e)
Of Carlisle
A giant, churlish (carl means ‘churl’) nobleman from Carlisle, famed for his poor hospitality
He keeps a bull, a boar, a bear, and a lion as pets
Gawain, Kay, and Baldwin lodges with him after becoming lost during a hunt
The Carl beats Baldwin and Kay after they insult him
He puts Gawain through several tests (including, in one version, a Beheading Game) and is ultimately impressed with his courtliness and his willingness to obey his host
He explains to Gawain that as a youth he had made a vow to test all those who lodge with him, and to kill those who fail
Gawain’s nobility frees him from the vow
In reward, he gives Gawain his lovely daughter in marriage
Arthur makes him the lord of Carlisle and gives him a seat at the Round Table
The Carl founds an abbey in honour of the many knights he had slain
Appears in

Syre Gawene and the Carle of Carlyle (Sir Gawain and the Carl/Churl of Carlisle) (c AD 1400)
The Carle off Carlisle (early Sixteenth Century AD)

“Sir Corneus”

Sir Duke Corneus
Born to a humble squire, his father remains unnamed, Corneus grows up tending horses and dreaming of knighthood
Hearing tales of Arthur’s court, he journeys in simple garb to Camelot, hoping to serve the greatest king of Britain
Trial and Knighthood

At a Round-Table tourney, Corneus, still in peasant guise, out-fights three seasoned knights in a single bout
Impressed by his prowess and courtesy, King Arthur personally dubs him Sir Corneus, thus conferring on him full knightly status and a coat-of-arms

Quest for the Besieged Duchess

Arthur entrusts Corneus with a high commission: to relieve a duchess whose stronghold has been seised by hostile forces
Traversing perilous forests and scaling castle walls, Sir Corneus overthrows the usurpers, slaying their champions or driving off giants by dint of sword and shield

Marriage, Lands and Courtly Honour

The rescued duchess, grateful and bound by feudal custom, weds Sir Corneus
Arthur grants him the ducal estates of Brun as a suitable appanage
Henceforth Sir Corneus appears regularly at Camelot’s feasts and councils, rarely forgetting the king whose sanction made all his later honours possible

In sum, Sir Corneus’ life traces the classic romance pattern

Obscure birth
Trial by combat at Camelot
Royal ennoblement
A knightly quest
Marriage to a high-born lady
Enduring fame at Arthur’s court

Appears in Romance of Sir Corneus (Fifteenth Century AD)

“Sir Guy”

Sir Earl Gui(do)/Gydo/Guy/Giu/Guillem
De/Of(f)/O Warewic/Warwi(c)k(e)/Warwyk/Warvich/Varoic/Varvicensis/Bharbhuic
Humble Birth and Courtly Love

Born the son of Siward/Seguard, steward (or squire) of Wallingford, Guy grows up steeped in tales of chivalry
When he falls in love with Felice, daughter and heiress of Rohaut, Earl of Warwick, she spurns him for lack of knightly rank

Quest for Knighthood

Earl Rohaut grants Guy a sword and horses but insists he prove himself abroad
Accompanied by his mentor Herhaud (in some versions called Heurot), Guy rides to the Continent
He shines at a tournament in Normandy (Rouen), unhorsing Duke Otous of Pavia, then tours Europe defeating knights, giants and Saracen champions

Refusal of Foreign Wedding

At each court, Guy is offered marriage, most notably to the emperor of Constantinople’s daughter
But declines, driven by loyalty to Felice and the ideal of proving himself the world’s greatest knight

Triumph over Colbrand

Upon his return to England, Guy finds Winchester besieged by Danes under King Anlaf’s champion, the giant Colbrand
In single combat on Hyde Mead, he slays Colbrand and saves King Æthelstan’s realm, an act that cements his renown at home

Marriage and Sudden Remorse

Felice gladly weds her triumphant hero
Yet haunted by violence, Guy soon feels unworthy
He leaves Warwick and Felice, sometimes secretly, to undertake penitential pilgrimages to Bethlehem and Jerusalem, even aiding Christian kings against Saracen foes on the way

Hermit’s Return and Death

Years later, an aged and broken Guy returns incognito to Winchester and Warwick
He lives as a hermit at Guy’s Cliffe, revealing his identity only on his deathbed to Felice, who dies of grief shortly thereafter
His sanctified end blurs lines between folk-hero and penitent saint

Arthurian echoes recur only in framing: Guy is sometimes lauded as “England’s other Arthur”, and Lydgate and later chroniclers cast his knighthood and courtesy in the shadow of Camelot’s ideals
But unlike true Arthurian peers, Guy’s saga is rooted in an English soil—melding native lore, continental adventure and mediæval penitential piety into a single legendary life
Appears in

Gui de Warewic (Guy of Warwick) (AD 1220/1232/1242)
Gui de Warwick (Guy of Warwick) (AD 1266)
Stanzaic Guy of Warwick (c AD 1300)
Metrical (Couplet) Romance of Guy of Warwick (early Fourteenth Century AD)
Cornubiensis, Giraldus, ed. Guido Varvicensis (Guy of Warwick) (AD 1350) {lost}
Prose Le Rom(m)a(u)nt de Guy de Warwik et de Herolt d’Ardenne (The Prose Romance of Guy of Warwick and of Herolt of Ardenne) (Fifteenth Century AD)
The Romance of Guy of Warwick (Fifteenth Century AD)
Lydgate, John. The Lyff off Guy of Warwyk (The Life of Guy of Warwick) (AD 1442/1468)
Mac an Leagha, Uilliam. Prose Beathadh Sir Giu o Bharbhuic (Prose Life of Sir Guy of Warwick) (before AD 1449, or AD 1452-1500)
Martorell, Joanot and Martí Joan de Galba. Tirant Lo Blanc(h) (Tirant the White, or The White Knight) (València: Nicolaus Spindeler, 20 November AD 1490)
Guy of Warwick (Westminster: Wynkyn de Worde, AD 1497)
Guy of Warwick (London: Richard Pynson, AD 1500)
Prose Guy de Warvich (Prose Guy of Warwick) (Paris: AD 1525)
Gydo und Thyrus (Guido und Tirius — Guy and Tirius) (Sixteenth Century AD)
The History of Guy of Warwick (London: William Copland, AD 1553)
The Booke of the Moste Victoryous Prince, Guy of Warwicke (The Book of the Most Victorious Prince, Guy of Warwick), or The History of Guy of Warwick (Lothbury: William Copland, AD 1565)
Rowlands, Samuel. The Famous Historie of Guy, Earl of Warwick (The Famous History of Guy, Earl of Warwick) (AD 1607/1609)
Guy of Warwick, A Poem (AD 1617)
Day, John, and Thomas Dekker. The Tragical(l) History/Historie (of Admirable Achievements and Various Events) of Guy, Earl of Warwick (The Tragic History (of Admirable Achievements and Various Events) of Guy, Earl of Warwick) (before 15 January AD 1618/1619)

Comparison of Non-Arthurian “Knights” to the “Knights of Logres”

The Knights of the Franc Palais (The Knights of the Noble Hall)
The Red Branch
The Apostles
The Fianna
Charlemagne’s Paladins (twelve peers)
The Knights Templar

The Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon
The Monastic Order of the Knights Templar
A Formidable Force of Fighting Men who guarded the Grail (assumed to be Templar Knights)

Astrological Signs Associated with the Knights “of Logres”

Capricorn — Saturn- — Earth
Sagittarius — Jupiter+ — Fire

Geography, Genealogy, and Timeline of the Knights

Geography of the Knights
Genealogy of the Knights
Timeline of the Knights

Afterword by Ivan Grabar

“There is more of Rome*, than of Romance, about Arthuriana” — Glyn Hnutu-healh

*and Achaea, Akkad, Alans, Anglia, Arameans, Armorica, Assyria, Babylon, Briton, Cambria, Canaan, Cornwall, Crete, Cumbria, Dalriada, Domnonia, Egypt,
Etruscans, ExtraTerrestrials, France, Frisia, Gaul, Greece, Hindavi, Hittites, Huns, Hurrians, Idubor, Ireland, Judaea, Jutland, Lydia, Macedonia,
Mesopotamia, Mycenaea, Narts, Norse, Persia, Phoenicia, Phrygia, Picts, Saxony, Scotland, Semites, Sumer, Ugarit, and Wales — to name a few

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