None of the line items that are included in the following outline are meant to be links.
The outline itself represents the material that is to be covered in the upcoming book known by the above title (available after June 2028).

Foreword by Damir Kahrić

1. Introduction to Morgan le Fay, Mordred, and Dwellers in Avalon: Dark Mysteries of Logres
2. Morgan le Fay, one of the Dark Mysteries of Logres
1. Introduction to Morgan le Fay, one of the Dark Mysteries of Logres
2. Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison: Morgan le Fay’s Name, Multiple “Morgans”, and Other Similar Queens/Empresses/Goddesses
1. Introduction to the Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison:
                  Morgan le Fay’s Name, Multiple “Morgans”, and Other Similar Queens/Empresses/Goddesses
2. Meaning and Origin of the Name Morgan le Fay
1. Introduction to the Meaning and Origin of the Name Morgan le Fay
2. (Morgan le Fay(e))/(Morg(h)an(n)(a) the Fairy)/(Morgant la Fee/Fée)
1. Description
• Arthur’s (half-)sister
• A necromancer
• A powerful mythical enchantress
2. Etymology
• Introduction to Etymology
• Morg(h)an(a)/Morgant/Morgen
• Mor - sea
• G(h)an(n)(a)/Gant/Gen - born of
• Not to be confused
• With the Modern Welsh masculine name Morgan
• Spelled Morcant in the Old Welsh
• Her epithet “le Fay”
• From the French la fée (“the fairy”)
• Some traits indicate the figure of Morgan le Fay appears to have been a remnant of supernatural female figures from mythology
3. Chronology of Development from the Indus valley (Vedic) to her final form as (Morgan le Fay)/(The Fa(ir)y born of the Sea)
• Parallel to The Morrig(h)a(i)n/Mórri(a)ga(i)n/Mor-Rígain
• Indus valley (Vedic)
• मातृका (mātṝkā - matriarch) = दिव्य माँ (divy maan - “divine mother”) = धात्रिका (dhaatrika - donor)
• सायणभाष्यम् (mothers - The Sayan commentary - मातरः)
• On the continent from the Greek Μητέρα/Mātéra/(mother)
• Within the tribes of the true Celts
• Eventually through a Breton filter
• Gaulish Mātīr/(mother)
• Becoming Matres/Matrae and Matrones/Matrōna(e)
• First Century AD
• Divine Mother Goddesses — Fates/Dísir
• Ghosts
• Spirits
• Deities associated with fate
• Divine Matron(s)
• Then Deae Matres and Deae Matrōnae
• First Century AD
• Divine Mother Goddesses
• Divine Matrons
• Deae Matrōnae became Dea Matrōna/(divine (mother/matron) goddess)
• Both (Dea Matrōna)/(divine mother goddess) and Mātronā/Matrona/(great mother)
• Second Century AD
• Had a consort: Cernunnos/(horned creature)/(death)
• A son: Maponos/Maponus (God of Youth)
• In Wales, through Mātronā/Matrona/(great mother) to Modron/Mydron/(mother)
• The Daughter of Afallach (The Daughter of Annwn)
• Fourth Century AD
• Had a consort: Meldos/Melld/Mellt/Mars Loucetios/Loucetius/Leucetius
• A son: Mabon (God of Youth)
• Fifth Century AD – Modron’s consort: Gwron/Euron/Uironos
• c AD 555 — Modron’s consort became *Urien(s)/Urience/Uryens De/(of)/O (the land of) Gower/Gŵyr/Gor(r)e/(Degore/Tegyr)
• Twin Son and Daughter
• Owe(i)n/Owain/Ywain/Yvain(e)/Uwain(e)/Ewain/Ivan and Morfudd/Morfydd
• *[May be a conflated personage of:
       — King (Urbgennius/Urianus/)Gwrgan(t)/Gwrcantus/Gurgantius/Fergus Fawr/Mawr/Magnus/(the Great) of Ergyng/Erging/Ernyng of South Rheged
       — King Urien/Urbgenius/Orobogenius/Orian ap Kynfarch/Cynfarch/Cynvarch Oer/Gul/(the Cold/Dismal) of North Rheged]
• Alongside Welsh and Breton water-fairies/water-spirits called Mari-Morgan(s)/Morgan(s)/Morgen(s)/(Mori-genā)/(sea born)
• Mirroring group of nine virgin priestesses
• By AD 565
• The Gallizenae/Gallicenae
• Already living on the Ile de Sein/Sena
• Existed since before 1287 BC
• Information of their existence written c AD 43/44
• Adapted in AD 1150
• Influenced by Muses as seven water nymphs
• From four sacred springs of Mount Helicon in Boeotia
• Daughters of Pierus/Pieris and a Pimpleian nymph, named Antiope
  
  • Neilṓ (Νειλώ)
  • Tritṓnē (Τριτώνη)
  • Asōpṓ (Ἀσωπώ)
  • Heptápora (Ἑπτάπορα)
  • Achelōís (Ἀχελωίς)
  • Tipoplṓ (Τιποπλώ)
  • Rhodía (Ῥοδία)
• In what is now Southwestern Wales, influenced by Deisi beliefs of the Irish
• Sea Goddess Muirgen (sea born)
• Saint Muirg(h)ein (sometimes spelled as Muirgen)
• Also called Muirgeilt (sea-wanderer)
• Began as (Lí Ban)/Liban (beauty + of women; paragon of women)
• A woman turned mermaid (half-human/half-salmon)
• Captured in a fishnet
• Christened Muirgein (sea born)
• A Christian shape-shifting female saint associated with the sea
• Equating Muirgen and Muirgein
• With the Welsh Goddess of Lakes called Murigen/(morgan)/(lake born)
• With the Welsh/Breton Mari-Morgan(s)/Morgan(s)/Morgen(s)/(Mori-genā)/(sea born)
• Mixing in Roman Fata/Fates — Parcae
• Morta
• Decima
• Nona
• Late influence of the Nine Muses
• “Matrons”
• Urania/Ourania (Οὐρανία)
       — “the heavenly”, “of heaven”
       — Astronomy
       — Celestial Globe, Compass Pair
• Clio/Kleio (Κλειώ)
       — “to make famous”, “made famous”, “celebrate”
       — History
       — Scrolls, Books, Cornet, Laurel Wreath
• Euterpe (Εὐτέρπη)
       — “the giver of much delight”, “rejoicing well”
       — Music/Song, Lyric/Elegy Poetry
       — Aulos, Panpipes, Laurel Wreath
• “Mothers”
• Poly(hy)mnia (Πολυύμνια/Πολύμνια)
       — “the one of many hymns”, “praise”
       — Hymns, Sacred Poetry, Agriculture
       — Veil, Grapes
• Melpomene/Melpomeni (Μελπομένη)
       — “singer”, “to sing”, “the one that is melodious”, “to celebrate with dance and song”
       — Tragedy
       — Tragic Mask, Sword, Club, Kothornos Boots
• Thalia (Θάλεια/Θαλία)
       — “joyous, flourishing”, “rich festivity”, “blooming”
       — Comedy, Pastoral Poetry
       — Comic Mask, Crook, Ivy Wreath
• “Maidens”
• Calliope (Καλλιόπη)
       — “beautiful-voiced”
       — Epic Poetry
       — Writing Tablet, Stylus, Lyre
• Terpsichore (Τερψιχόρη)
       — “one who delights in dancing”
       — Choral Dance/Song
       — Dancing, Lyre, Plectrum
• Eratṓ (Ἐρατώ)
       — “desired”, “lovely”, “beloved”
       — Lyric/Love Poetry
       — Cithara Lyre, Rose Crown
• Emerging as Nine Sisters of Avalon (in Vita Merlini by Geoffrey of Monmouth)
• “Matrons”
• Morgen/Morg(u)(e)(i)n/Mori-genā/(sea born)/(shore of the sea)/(song of the sea)
     — The name survives in Middle Welsh as Moryen/Morien
     — A cognate form in Old Irish is Muirgein (Christian shape-shifting female saint associated with the sea)

• Moronoe/Morgeneu/(Japanese: もろの絵)/(Moro no e)/(picture of the Moro)/(mouth of the sea)
• Mazoe/Maswy/Moroe/(sportive)/(wanton)
• “Mothers”
• Gliten/(Middle High German: “to glide”)/(German: “to shine, to be bright” — Gliten-an)/Gliorn/Clidna
• Glitonea/(tragedy)/Clothra
• Gliton/Cliton/Cliten/Gliten/Clota
• “Maidens”
• Tyron(o)e/Tireneu/Tuiren/Uirne/Tythonoe/(mouth of the earth)
• Thiten/Thitis/Thetys/Tethys/Tythen
• (Thiten (best) known for her zither/cither/cithara lyre)/Thiton/Tithen/(Thitis with her lyre)/Thetis/(Ombite known for stringed instruments)
• Influencing and being influenced by story of Pressyne and her three daughters by Elynas
• Mélusine/Melusine
• Melior
• Palatyne
• Finalising as (Morgan le Fay)/(The Fa(ir)y born of the Sea)
• By AD 574/575
• Replacing Modron
• As a mother Goddess
• As the wife of *Urien(s)/Urience/Uryens De/(of)/O (the land of) Gower/Gŵyr/Gor(r)e/(Degore/Tegyr)
  
• *[May be a conflated personage of:
       — King (Urbgennius/Urianus/)Gwrgan(t)/Gwrcantus/Gurgantius/Fergus Fawr/Mawr/Magnus/(the Great) of Ergyng/Erging/Ernyng of South Rheged
       — King Urien/Urbgenius/Orobogenius/Orian ap Kynfarch/Cynfarch/Cynvarch Oer/Gul/(the Cold/Dismal) of North Rheged]
• Sons
• Owe(i)n/Owain/Ywain/Yvain(e)/Uwain(e)/Ewain/Ivan
• Rhiwallon
• Rhun
• Pasgen
• Daughter — Morfudd/Morfydd
• Her sisters
• Margawse/Morgawse/Morgause/Morgose
       — In Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur
       — In Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur ((The) Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
       — As Anna, in Historia Regum Britanniae (History of Kings of Britain) by Geoffrey of Monmouth
       — (M)orc(h)ad(e)s
                 As Orcades, in the First Continuation of Chrétien’s Perceval by Wauchier Denain (Gauchier of Donaing)
                 As Morcades, in Les Enfances Gauvain (The Youth of Gawain), and in Diu Crône (The Crown) by Heinrich von dem Türlin
       — As Sangive, in Parzival (Perceval) by Wolfram von Eschenbach
       — As Siefe, in Garel von dem blühenden Tal (Garel of the Blossoming Valley) by Der Pleier (The Caregiver)
       — As Belisent, in Arthour and Merlin (Arthur and Merlin)
       — As Gwyar/(gore)
       — Sometimes her father is said to be Amlawdd Wledig, Myrddin/Merlin, or Taliesin
       — Her mother is sometimes said to be Vivianne del’Acqs, Queen of Avalon
       — Said to be born c AD 448
       — Compare with
                 Arianrhod, daughter of Beli Mawr and Dôn verch/ferch Mathonwy
                 Rhiannon/Rīgantonā/(Rīgantona/Riga(n)tona)/(rīgan(i) + (t)on = queen + divine/augmented = ‘great queen’), daughter of Heuedd/Hefeydd Hen/(the Old)
• Elaine/Elayne
       — In Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur)
       — In Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur ((The) Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table)
       — As Clarine, in Ulrich von Zatzikhoven’s Lanzelet [she may be the same Elaine who appears elsewhere as Lancelot’s mother]
       — As Blasine, in the Vulgate Merlin
• Their mother as Igraine/Ygraine/Igerne/Igerna/Ygerna/Eig(y)r
• Their father as Duke Gorloïs/Gorlois/Gourles/Gorla(i)s/Gwrlais/Gorlens/Gorloys (Gothlois/Gwryon/Goryon/Gorlodubnus) of Cornwall
• While later works make her specifically human, she retains her magical powers
3. (Morganda Fatata)/(Morgan the Fairy)
1. In Otia Imperialia (Recreation for an Emperor)
2. By Gervasius von Tilbury (Gervase of Tilbury)
4. Feimurgan/Famurgan/Famorgan/(Fairy Murgan/Morgan)
1. In Ere(c)(k) (Geraint)
2. By Hartmann von Aue
5. Fa(y)morgan(a)/(Fairy Morgan(a)) [Terdelaschoye/(Terr de la Joie)/(land of the joy)]
1. In Wolfram von Eschenbach’s Parzival
2. Persian Spirit
3. Mother of Lassalies the Fortunate and of Brickus the Unfortunate (via Mazadan)
6. Marguel
7. Margan, Dwywes o Annwfyn (Margan, (a) Goddess of/from Annwn)
1. In a manuscript, the bards of Ynys Prydein and its storytellers used to imagine
2. It was her who had hidden (concealed) Arthur in Ynys/Ynis Afallach/Avallach (the Isle of Apples) to heal him of his wounds
3. When his body became whole, “he would return again to the Brytanyeit to defend them as was his wont”
8. Argant(e)/Argane
1. In Brut (Brutus, or The Chronicle of Britain)
2. By Layamon
9. Margant(e)
10. Morga(i)n(e)(is)/Morghain
11. Morga(i)n the Faithless/Treacherous
1. In Morte Artu (Death of Arthur) of the Vulgate Cycle (Lancelot-Grail (Cycle), Prose Lancelot, or the Pseudo-Map Cycle)
2. Anonymously written
12. Morg(u)e/Morgne
3. Existence of Multiple “Morgans”
1. Introduction to the Existence of Multiple “Morgans”
2. Morgan/(Elaine)
1. An illegitimate daughter of the Duke of Tintagel
2. Distinct from Morgan le Fay
3. Married Nentres/Nante(r)(s)/Na(n)tres/Neutres/(Nextres de Garloc)/Ventres of Garlot(h)
• Who married Elaine of Tintagel/Garlot(h) — (Who may be the same person as this Morgan)
• By whom he sired Sir Galeshin
3. Mari-Morgan(s)
1. Also known as Morgan(s)/Morgen(s)/(Mori-genā)/(sea born)
2. A type/class of Welsh and Breton water-fairy/water-spirit
3. One called either Ahes or Dahut was held responsible for the destruction of the legendary city of Ys
4. Maithgemm(e)/Maithge(i)n(e)/Morgein Monaidh/(moor/heath/mountain/hill/hill-pasture)
1. Sister (or half-sister) of Artúr/Artuir/Arturius mac Áedá(i)n/Aiden/Aidan(us) mac Gabrain/Gabrán/Goran(us) mac Domanga(i)rt/Dongard(us)
2. Sister (or half-sister) of Echoid Buide mac Áedá(i)n/Aiden/Aidan(us) mac Gabrain/Gabrán/Goran(us) mac Domanga(i)rt/Dongard(us)
3. Daughter of Áedá(i)n/Aiden/Aidan(us) mac Gabrain/Gabrán/Goran(us) mac Domanga(i)rt/Dongard(us)
4. Wife of Cairell
5. Mother of Molaisse/(fire/flame)
5. Morgan Tud(d)/(shade/gloom/vapour)/(tuath)/(north/left)/(sinister/wicked)/(fairy/fay/elf)
1. Arthur’s chief physician in the Welsh Gereint/Geraint fab/filius Erbin (Gereint, son of Erbin)
2. Morgan treated Arthur’s warriors, including Edern/Yder and Geraint
3. The author may have simply confused the gender of Morgan le Fay
6. Morgan Mwynfawr — The owner of a magical form of transport, described as either a chair or a car
1. Which could carry a person seated in it
2. To wherever he or she wanted to go
3. Known as Cadair N(e)u Kar/Car Morgan Mwynfawr
4. Numbered among the “Thirteen” Treasures of (the Isle of) Britain
5. Some commentators have incorrectly sought to identify the ownership
6. Of this enchanted mode of travel with Morgan le Fay
4. Comparison/Relationship of Other Similar Queens/Empresses/Goddesses to Morgan le Fay
1. Introduction to Comparison/Relationship of Other Similar Queens/Empresses/Goddesses to Morgan le Fay
2. The Morrig(h)a(i)n/Mórri(a)ga(i)n/Mor-Rígain
1. Introduction to The Morrig(h)a(i)n/Mórri(a)ga(i)n/Mor-Rígain
2. Development parallel to (Morgan le Fay(e))/(Morg(h)an(n)(a) the Fairy)/(Morgant la Fee/Fée)
• Indus valley (Vedic)
• मातृका (mātṝkā - matriarch) = दिव्य माँ (divy maan - “divine mother”) = धात्रिका (dhaatrika - donor)
• सायणभाष्यम् (mothers - The Sayan commentary - मातरः)
• On the continent from Greek Μητέρα/Mātéra/(mother)
• Graces (Χάριτες/Charites, Gratiae)
• Aglaea/Aglaïa (Beauty, Splendor, Brilliant, Shining One)
• Euphrosyne/Euthymia (Joy, Mirth, Grace, Beauty)
• Thalia (Good Cheer, Abundance, Festivity, Rich Banquets)
• Fates: Μοĩραι/Moirai/(apportioners)
  • Clotho — Spinner — Spun the thread of life from her distaff onto her spindle
  • Lachesis — Allotter — Measured the thread of life with her rod
  • Atropos/Aisa — Unturnable — Cut the thread of life — Chose the manner of a person’s death
• Parcae – Roman Fates
• Nona
• Decima
• Morta
• Norns/Nornir – Norse Fates
• Urðr/Wyrd – past
• Verðandi – present
• Skuld – future
• Horae/Ὧραι/Hōrai/Horai/Hours/Seasons
3. In Ireland
• Eriny(e)s (“vengeances”, or “avengers of perjury”)
• Alekto/Alecto/Electo/(endless/untameable) — directly associated with The Morrígan and/or Badb
• Megaera/(jealous rage)/(grudging)
• Tisiphone/Tilphousia/Tesiphone/(vengeful destruction) — directly associated with The Morrígan and/or Badb
• Influenced by the Roman equivalents to Erinyes:
• The Dirae/(dei irae)/(vengeance in the above)
• The Furiae (vengeance in the middle)
• The Eumenides/(gracious ones)/(vengeance in the below)
• Mirrors of Nornir:
• Fylgjur/(to accompany)
• Hamingjur/(luck and happiness)
• Valkyrjur/(chooser of the slain)
4. Possible influence by the Nine Muses
• “Maidens”
• Eratṓ (Ἐρατώ)
• “desired”, “lovely”, “beloved”
• Lyric/Love Poetry
• Cithara Lyre, Rose Crown
• Terpsichore (Τερψιχόρη)
• “one who delights in dancing”
• Choral Dance/Song
• Dancing, Lyre, Plectrum
• Calliope (Καλλιόπη)
• “beautiful-voiced”
• Epic Poetry
• Writing Tablet, Stylus, Lyre
• “Mothers”
• Thalia (Θάλεια/Θαλία)
• “joyous, flourishing”, “rich festivity”, “blooming”
• Comedy, Pastoral Poetry
• Comic Mask, Crook, Ivy Wreath
• Melpomene/Melpomeni (Μελπομένη)
• “singer”, “to sing”, “the one that is melodious”, “to celebrate with dance and song”
• Tragedy
• Tragic Mask, Sword, Club, Kothornos Boots
• Poly(hy)mnia (Πολυύμνια/Πολύμνια)
• “the one of many hymns”, “praise”
• Hymns, Sacred Poetry, Agriculture
• Veil, Grapes
• “Matrons”
• Euterpe (Εὐτέρπη)
• “the giver of much delight”, “rejoicing well”
• Music/Song, Lyric/Elegy Poetry
• Aulos, Panpipes, Laurel Wreath
• Clio/Kleio (Κλειώ)
• “to make famous”, “made famous”, “celebrate”
• History
• Scrolls, Books, Cornet, Laurel Wreath
• Urania/Ourania (Οὐρανία)
• “the heavenly”, “of heaven”
• Astronomy
• Celestial Globe, Compass Pair
5. Changing over time into Nine Mor(r)íg(h)na/“Morrígans”/(spectres and great queens)/(“springs of craftiness”)
• Daughters of
• Delbáeth/(delbaid)/(to shape, form, or fashion)/(delb + áed = shape, form + fire)/Bith/Bitu/(world/life/age)
• And his wife Ernmas/(she-husbandman)/(ernbas - slaughter, violent death)/(iarn + bas = iron death)/Birren/(twice)
• “Maidens” — c 3065 BC Sumerian
• Fotla/Fótla/Fódla/Fod(h)la
• Ba(i)rr(fh)ind/Barrann/Burran(/Birren)
• Wife of Bith mac Cecht
• Banb(h)a
• Ces(s)air/Ceasair/Kesair
• Alchemist
• Wife of Fintán (son of Bóchra and Cuill)
• É(i)riu/Éire/Īwerjū/(fat land)/(fertile)
• Alba/Balva/(british)
• Wife of Ladra mac Gréine (grandson of The Dagda)
• “Mothers” — 2334 BC Oetzi/Belgae admixture
• Danu/Dana/Anu/An(n)a/(D)an(n)an(n)(d)
• Cognate with
       — Proto-Indo-European River Goddess Dehanu
       — Vedic Goddess Dānu (and her offspring the Dānavas)
       — Water Goddess Dewi Danu of the Balinese Hindus
       — Welsh Goddess Dōn
• As Ana/Anu, she is called “Mother of the Gods (of Ireland)”
       — Ana(e)/plenty/(wealth, riches, prosperity, treasure)
       — Án/womb/(cup, vessel)/(bright, splendid)
• As Buanann, she is the “Good Mother”, or “Mother of the Heroes”
• [Búanann is one of the names of Scáthach/Sgàthach/(shadowy), daughter of Árd-Greimne of Lethra]
• Áine/Aine (brightness, glow, joy, radiance; splendour, glory, fame) is sometimes mistakenly equated with Danu as her name bears a superficial resemblance to Anu
       — Irish Goddess of Summer, Wealth and Sovereignty
       — Associated with Midsummer and the Sun, and is sometimes represented by a Red Mare
       — Daughter of Egobail, and the sister of Aillen and/or Fennen
       — As Goddess of Love and Fertility, has command over Crops and Animals, and is associated with Agriculture
• Macha(e)/(μάχη/Machā)/(macha “an enclosed field used for livestock”)
• She of the Plain
• Daughter of Partholón
• Oracular Seer and Wife of Nemed/(sacred)/(privileged)
       — Nemed, who clears plains for the raising of horses (“where out horsemen ride”)
       — Macha, whose name means “field”
• Wife of Nuad(h)a/Nuadu Airgetlám/(silver hand/arm), and subtlely linked to Sacral Kingship
       — Nuad(h)a/Nuadu Airgetlám/(silver hand/arm) exemplifies “Celtic” ethos of Sovereignty
                 Well-being of Land and People are invested in the Person and Physical Body of the King
                 Archetype of Sacral Kingship
       — Macha is his wife as Banflaith (Lady of Sovereignty)
• Macha in (Ces) Nóinden/Noínden Ulad ((Nine Days’) Debility/Pangs of Ulstermen)
       — Daughter of Sainrith/Sainreth mac Imba(i)th
       — Wife of Crund/Cruinn/Crunniuc mac Agnoma(i)n, along with Grian (in the West of Ireland)
• Macha Mongruad (Macha of the Red Hair/Tresses)
       — Daughter of Áed Rúad (red fire, fire lord)
                 Perhaps daughter of Áed Rúad Ró-fhessa (Red Fire of Great Knowledge), as daughter of The Dagda
                 In the West of Ireland, Macha is known as Grian (Sun)
                 Also in the West of Ireland, she is the daughter of Midir (a faery king of the Síd of Bri Leith)
                 Might represent a fusion of Macha and Grian (being originally two separate Goddesses)
       — Badb na Mberg “raven of the raids”
       — Great Queen of Ulster
       — Founder of the Fortress of Emain Macha
       — Protected sovereignty by force of arms (refusing to allow it to be granted to Dithorba(e) and his five sons)
       — Marries Cimbáeth/Cimbaeth
• Royston Crow
• Shape-shifter (The Hag Cailb)
• Linked with:
       — Sovereignty (symbols, powers, pitfalls)
       — Land and the Foundation of Royal Sites
       — Tense Dynamic between War and Fertility in Warrior Society
                 Macha is identified with the land (as the embodiment of its sovereignty)
                 She enacts warlike protection of land-based sovereignty through battle
                 Macha represents a conflict between the warrior code (which shields the existing hierarchy) and natural justice (which protects all members of society)
                 The embodiment of war (with its oracular and aggressive magics) and of land (with its wealth and fertility)
• Eochaid (horseman) and Láir B(h)án (white mare): Sacral Kingship, Horse-related Sovereignty, and a Battle Goddess
       — Military Power of an Elite Warrior Class
       — Support of an Agrarinan and Craftsman Class
       — Legitimacy and Sanctity through the Action of a Priestly Class
• Óenach Macha - Gather-place/Assembly of Macha (óenach “funerary games”)
       — Macha, wife of Crund/Cruinn/Crunniuc mac Agnoma(i)n, racing the horses at Emain Macha
                 A form of proxy combat
                 A means by which warrior-nobles can display their prowess and status
                 Macha runs more quickly than the best of the king’s horses, even while pregnant
                 Her identity is revealed in connection with the ceremonial horse-race
                 She then gives birth to twins who, in some versions, are twin foals
       — Macha Mongruad fighting at Emain Macha for the right to rule
       — Macha carving the ráth (ring-fort(ress)) of Emain Macha with her brooch
       — Ritual site usage
                 Kingship
                 Processions
                 Feasting
                 Sacrifice, including Horses
                 Funerary Ancestor Veneration
• As the Wife of Nemed, Macha’s was the first death of the People of Nemed (the Fir Bolg) in Ireland
       — Establishment of her tomb is the basis for the name of Ard Macha
       — Establishment of a burial site physically imbeds ancestry into the land
                 Identity
                 Sacred Orientation
                 Territorial Claim for the Descendants
• Macha (as wife of Nuada) is said to have been killed by Balor during the battle with the Fomorians
• Fea/Féa
• (The Hateful One)/(everything most hateful)
• Be(e)-Neid/(Bé Néit)/Beneit/(Be Net)/(Wife of Neid/Neit/Nét)/(Néit’s Lady)/(Woman of War) (and daughter of Elcmar of the Brúg)
• “Matrons” — 1287 BC Scythian/Egyptian/Basque/Celtiberian
• Ne(a)m(h)(a)(i)n(d)/Némain/Nehmon/Nem(h)on
• (The Wounds Of War)/(frenzy)/(venomous)
• (Bad(h)b Cath(a))/Finnóg/(royston crow)/(squall crow)
• Shape-shifter (The Hag Cailb)
• Be(e)-Neid/(Bé Néit)/Beneit/(Be Net)/(Wife of Neid/Neit/Nét)/(Néit’s Lady)/(Woman of War) (and daughter of Elcmar of the Brúg)
• Mother of Colman
• An/(The) (Red) Bad(h)b(h)(a)/Bodb(a)
• (Bean Sidhe)/“banshee”/(female (fairy/phantom/spectre))/“war-goddess”/bad(h)b(h)/(malevolent magical female)/“witch”
• bad(h)b(h)/“(battle-)crow”/“(carrion) crow”/“((she-)scald-)crow”/“(hooded) crow”/“raven”/“vulture”/“bird of prey”
• bad(h)b(h)(a)/“(war fury)/(war furies)”/“(battle) demon(s)”/“violent”/“pertaining to war”/“of the war-goddess(es)”
• bodb(a)/(war-goddess(es))/(war-fury/war-furies)/((battle fury)/(battle furies))/(battle spirit(s))/(violent)/(pertaining to war)/(of the war-goddess(es))
• Associated with Bodb Derg (Red Crow). as her father, a síd king and member of the Túatha/Tuatha Dé (Danann/Danaan), identified with the mound Síd Bodb
• badb belderg birach “red-mouthed sharp-beaked scald-crow”
• Baidbi Béldergi “red-mouthed war goddess” - Badba Bélderga “red-mouthed war goddesses”
       — Ammaiti “Hags”
       — Arrachta “Spectres”
       — Bánánaig “Pale Creatures”
       — Boccánaig “Horned Creatures”
       — Demna Aieóir “Demons of Air” [Christianised concept]
       — Gelliti Glinne “Mad Creatures of Glens”
       — Geniti Glinne “Witches or Spectral Women of Glens”
       — Siabra “Sprites”
       — Urtrochta “Phantoms”
       — Uatha “Horrors”
• Baduhenna/(War Goddess)/badu/(terrible)/beadu/boð/(battle)/bodu/(war, battle, carrion birds)
• Badb(-)Catha/Finnóg/(royston crow)/(squall crow)/((the) battle crow)/(badbdacht/bodbdacht)
• (C)athu(-)bodua/(royston crow)
• Her earliest references to death and bloodshed suggest sacrifice rather than war
• Yet she takes pleasure in the carnage of battle; “she of the battle”, “the badb crying from among the corpses”
• Said to hunger for slaughtered bodies, to feast and revel among them, to be thankful for the carnage as “the sorrow-heaps of Bodb”
• Involves herself in an intimate and complex relationship with individual warrior heroes, directly related to heroic (warrior) fury and battle frenzy in the form of:
       — “The Torches of Badb” in the air over the warrior hero’s head with the seething of fierce battle rage that rose in the warrior hero
                 Virulent Rain-clouds
                 Sparks of Blazing Fire
       — The “Hero’s Light” (lúan láith)
                 A Mighty Pillar of Light
                 “As Long and As Thick as a Hero’s Fist”
                 Rising from His Forehead
       — The Black Bird of:
                 War-Fury, the Warrior, Valour (én gaile)
                 Battle (lon gaile)
• Phenomena related to a heightened heroic state of war-fury expressed as fiery light emanation and the presence of a divine war-bird spirit hovering over the warrior are recorded in the following Indo-European cultures:
       — Roman
       — Greek
       — Iranian
       — Etruscan
• Fa’istine na Fola (Prophetess of Blood)
       — Prophesy in the madness and bloodshed of war
       — Prophesy in a hostile visitation to prophetically incite battle
• Amait Arrachta (Spectral Hag)
       — Conjures magic showers of sorcery, compact clouds of mist, and a furious rain of fire
       — Conjures a downpour of red blood from the air onto the heads of the warriors
• Shape-shifter, includes the following forms:
       — Hags/Crones (Ammaiti) - an old woman, often lame and/or one-eyed
                 A Hag - who is often malevolent and delivering a curse
                 The Hag Cailb
       — Badba as Supernatural Creatures
                 “Red-Mouthed, Javelin-Armed”
                 “(Red-Mouthed Sharp-Beaked) Scald-Crow”
                 “Blue-Mouthed, Loud-Croaking Badba”/(carrion birds)
                 Brain-Eóin/(“Red-Mouthed, Deep-Black Raven-Birds”)
       — “Washer at the Ford”
                 (Bean níocháin)/(Washing woman)
                 A “Red Woman” - a woman dressed all in red, with red eyebrows and red hair
       — Black Bird (as a member of the family Corvidae, which includes Crows, and Ravens; as well as rooks, choughs, jackdaws, jays, magpies, treepies, and nutcrackers)
       — “Witch” Siomha
• As Tisiphone (one of the “vengeances”), she is a “fiery red-lipped scald of war“
• As Bellona (ancient Roman Goddess of War), she is a “contentious war-goddess; red-mouthed, brandishing torches and shrieking over the war-camps”
• As Enyo (a Greek Goddess of Violent War; personified spirit, daimona, of war), she is the “warlike disturbing wife of Néit; wielding a torch and bearing serpents”
• One of the Three Daughters of Calatín (each a one-eyed, one-legged hag; one of them named Badb)
• Wife of King Tethra of the Fomoiri
• One of the Three Wives of The (Great) Dagda (along with The Morrígan, and Asachu - the mother of Aed Milbrec)
• Wife of Indai, who is the father of Neid/Ne(i)t/Né(i)t
• Be(e)-Neid/(Bé Néit)/Beneit/(Be Net)/(Wife of Neid/Neit/Nét)/(Néit’s Lady)/(Woman of War) (and daughter of Elcmar of the Brúg)
• An/(The) Morrig(h)a(i)n/Morrígan/Mórri(a)ga(i)n/Mor-Rígain/Morrig(h)u/Mórrigu/Morrígu
• (Great Queen)/(phantom queen)/(shadow queen)/(queen of spectres)/(great fairy)/(badb of battle)/(battle-crow)/(scald-crow)/(terrible fury)
• An Irish Crow-Goddess of War, a Goddess of Battle, tutelary Goddess of Heroes, Raven-Goddess of the Underworld
• Mare Queen (horse goddess), as Horse-related Sovereignty and Battle Goddess, cognate with
       — The Gaulish Horse Goddess Epona
       — The Welsh Goddess Rhiannon (Rīgantonā/Rīgantona/Riga(n)tona) and Gaulish Rīgan(i)(t)on (queen + divine/augmented = ‘great queen’)
• Wife and “Great Lady” of The Dagda/(good god)/(Eochu Ollathair)/(horse + great + father)/(Horseman Great-Father)/(in Dagda deirg)/(the Red Dagda)/(Ruad Ro-fhessa)/(Red One of Great Knowledge)
       — Her victory-bringing function
       — Herself as sovereignty Goddess
• She “whose pleasure was in mustered hosts”, bringer of victory, and of “bitter fighting”
• Compares her experience of battle to that of a hound shaking its kill to and fro; laughing spitefully at the carnage as she incites warriors on toward death; nimbly dancing over the spear-points in battle
• Suggests specific war powers she will bring to bear directly, pursuing, killing, and destroying adversaries in battle
• Orchestrating inevitable and necessary conflict; to bring it to a head; to make it heroic; to prophesy, speak destiny, and incite to victory
• Involves herself in an intimate and complex relationship with individual warrior heroes; is tutelary and erotic, at the same time challenging and potentially destructive
• Strongly suggestive of an initiatory relationship linked to traditions of warriorship and training, rites of initiation, and customs of warrior societies
• Aid and victory in battle are coupled to a sexual tryst (or offered in conjunction with one); a mythic process parallel to sacred kingship, but with respect to war in particular
• One of the ban-túaithecha (“sorceresses” of the Túatha/Tuatha Dé (Danann/Danaan))
• One of the druids of the Túatha/Tuatha Dé (Danann/Danaan)
• Poetess
       — “Am banchainti-sea em”
       — “I am a female satirist in truth”
       — Irish Satire - a specialised form of magically aggressive poetry, a type of cursing
• Sorcery
       — Chanted Magical Charm (rosc)
       — Binding Magic (nascad), especially associated with her form as an eel (escong)
       — Battle Magic
                 Atop pillar stones, as a vantage point and drawing on supernatural forces inherent in the stone
                 Conjures magical mist and showers of blood and fire down onto the warriors of the enemy
                 Incites warriors to ferocious battle and delivers prophetic poetry
                 “They fixed their pillars in the ground to prevent any one fleeing till the stones should flee”
• Shape-shifter, includes the following forms:
       — Black Bird (as a member of the family Corvidae, which includes Crows, and Ravens; as well as rooks, choughs, jackdaws, jays, magpies, treepies, and nutcrackers)
       — Black Eel/Serpent
       — Shaggy (She-)Wolf
                 Grey
                 Russet
       — Cow
                 Heifer - either Red and Hornless, or White with Red Ears
                 White Bull with Red Ears
       — A Hag/Crone
                 An old woman, often lame and/or one-eyed
                 Also seen as a skinny, grey-haired hag shrieking over the weapons in battle
       — “Washer at the Ford”
       — A “Red Woman” - a woman dressed all in red, with red eyebrows and red hair
       — A Young Woman “of surpassing beauty”, dressed in many colours
• Connected to
       — Fulacht fiadh (“wild hearth” or “burnt mound”)
       — Cooking, and Hospitality (within the confines of Warriors and the Warrior Culture)
       — The Role and Tools of the Blacksmith (albeit highly Mythologised)
• Mother of Mechi/Méche/Meiche
• Mother, by Delbáeth/(delbaid)/(to shape, form, or fashion)/(delb + áed = shape, form + fire), of the following sons:
       — Brian
       — Iucharba
       — Iuchair
• Incorrectly identified with Morgan le Fay by Lewis Spence and by many many others
• There are few similarities between the two, beyond the spelling of their names
• The Nine Mor(r)íg(h)na/“Morrígans” had parallel development alongside (Morgan le Fay)/(The Fa(ir)y born of the Sea)
• Originating in the Indus valley
• Down through the Greek Μητέρα/Mātéra/(mother)
3. Monenna/Moninna/Moninne/Modwen(n)a/Darerca/Blinne
1. Daughter of King Machta and Comwi/Coman
2. Born c AD 435 in Donaghmore, County Down, Ireland
3. Took her sisters west to the island of Begerin
4. To be guided in the ways of monastic life by her uncle Ibar
5. Died AD 517/518 (6 July)
6. Buried at Killeavy/Killeevy, County Armagh, Ireland
4. Glorianda
5. Ariel, an airy Spirit
3. Beginnings
1. Introduction to Beginnings
2. Family (traditional)
1. Introduction to Family
2. Father — Duke Gorloïs/Gorlois/Gourles/Gorla(i)s/Gwrlais/Gorlens/Gorloys (Gothlois/Gwryon/Goryon/Gorlodubnus), compare with Fíachnae mac Báetáin (Fíachnae Lurgan, Fíachnae Find)
3. Mother — Igraine/Ygraine/Igerne/Igerna/Ygerna/Eig(y)r, compare with Cáintigern
4. Sisters
1. Margawse/Morgawse/Morgause/Morgose/Anna/(M)orc(h)ades/Sangive/(Siefe(/Anthonje))/Belisent/Gwyar
2. Elaine/Clarine/Blasine/(Morgan) of Tintagel/Garlot(h)
3. La Dame sans Orgueil (The Lady without Pride), specifically the sister of Morgaine la fee de Montgibel (Morgan the Fa(ir)y of Montgibel)
4. Marsion/Marrion
• Both appear as sisters to Morgan le Fay in Graindor de Brie’s La Bataille (de) Loquifer (The Battle (of) Loquifer).
• Marsion helps Morgan bring the hero Reno(u)art to the Isle of Avalon
5. Half-Sister — Morgan/(Elaine)
6. (Half-)Brother — Arthur
7. Husband — King Urien(s)/Urience/Uryens De/(of)/O (the land of) Gower/Gŵyr/Gor(r)e/(Degore/Tegyr)
1. Historical King Urien/Urbgenius/Orobogenius/Orian ap Kynfarch/Cynfarch/Cynvarch Oer/Gul/(the Cold/Dismal) of North Rheged had a treacherous ally named Morcant Bulc
2. Who plotted to assassinate him
• Similar to how Morgan le Fay attempts to kill Urien(s)/Urience/Uryens De/(of)/O (the land of) Gower/Gŵyr/Gor(r)e/(Degore/Tegyr)
• In later versions of Arthurian mythos
8. Daughters
1. Nivetta
2. (Pulzella Gaia)/(maiden merry)/(damsel cheerful)/((la) Gaia Pulcella/Donzella)/Ga(gg)ia
9. Sons
1. (Ywain(e) (le Blanchemains))/Yvonet/Ewain/Uwain(e)/(Owein/Owain)
2. Rhiwallon
3. Rhun
4. Pasgen
5. Oberon
10. Husband’s bastard son — Owein/Owain/Yvain/Yvonet/Ewain/Uwain(e) ap Urien, the/li/les Bastard/Adulterer/Adventurous/Avoutres
11. Brothers-in-law
1. King (Llew/Lug(h))/(L(i)ot(h) Luwddoc) of (Lothian) and Orkney (m Margawse/Morgawse/Morgause/Morgose)
2. King Nentres/Nante(r)(s)/Na(n)tres/Neutres/(Nextres de Garloc)/Ventres (m Elaine/(Morgan))
12. Nephews
1. By Margawse/Morgawse/Morgause/Morgose
• Gawain
• Gareth
• Agravaine
• Gaheris
• Mordred
2. By Elaine/(Morgan) — Galeshin
13. Grandson(?) — Ider
14. Lovers
1. Gui(ng)omar/Guinguemar/Guimoar/Guingamuer
• Guenevere’s cousin
• The Lord of the Isle of Avalon/Avilion
2. Accolon of Gaul
3. Accolon’s cousin — Manassen
4. Hemison
5. Onesun/Huneson
6. Merlin
7. Iulius (Julius) Cæsar
15. Allies
1. Queen of Norgales
2. Sebile, a Lady of the Lake
3. Queen of Eastland?
4. Queen of the Out Isles?
5. Queen of the Waste Lands?
6. King Mark?
7. Breuse Sans Pitie?
8. Malgrin?
16. Protegé(?) — Oriolz the Dane (Oriel de Sorionde)
3. Maleficent and Beneficent
1. Early works featuring Morgan le Fay
1. Do not elaborate her character
2. Beyond her role as a fay or sorceress
2. She became both more prominent and morally ambivalent in later texts
1. In particular in cyclical prose works
• Such as the (Vulgate Cycle)/(Lancelot-Grail (Cycle))/(Prose Lancelot)/(the Pseudo-Map Cycle), where she is Arthur’s full sister
• And the Post-Vulgate Cycle
2. In which she turns into a dangerous enemy of King Arthur
3. Antagonist in some tales
3. Morgan le Fay becomes
1. An apprentice of Merlin
2. A vindictive adversary of Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table
3. With a special hatred for his wife Queen Guinevere
4. She is also wanton and sexually aggressive, with many lovers
1. Including Merlin
2. Accolon
3. An unrequited love for Lancelot
5. Morgan le Fay is an indirect instrument of Arthur’s death
1. Though she eventually reconciles with him
2. Retains her original role
• Serving as one of the sorcerous queens
• Who take him on his final journey to Avalon/Avilion
4. Birth, Childhood, and Adolescence
1. Introduction to Birth, Childhood, and Adolescence
2. One of three or nine daughters
1. According to Malory, Morgan le Fay was the youngest of three sisters
2. Geoffrey of Monmouth has Morgen as the oldest of nine sisters
3. (Half-)sister of Arthur
4. When Igraine (widow of Gorloïs) was wed to Uther
1. Her daughters Margawse and Elaine of Tintagel/Garlot(h) wed Kings Lot(h) and Nentres/Nante(r)(s)/Na(n)tres/Neutres/(Nextres de Garloc)/Ventres
2. According to Malory
1. Morgan le Fay was put to school in a nunnery
2. Where “she learned so much that she was a great clerk of necromancy”
3. Later
1. Morgan le Fay was married to King Urien(s)/(Urience) of Gore
2. To whom she bore (Ywain(e) (le Blanchemains))/Yvain/Ewain/Uwain/(Owein/Owain)
3. Owain mab Urien is the historical figure behind this son
5. Adulthood
1. Introduction to Adulthood
2. After being an early rebel
1. Urien(s)/Urience came over to Arthur
2. Was made a companion of the Round Table
3. Urien(s)/Urience
1. Along with his wife and son
2. Seems to have spent much time in Arthur’s court
3. At first, in the early days, Morgan le Fay and Guinevere were friends
1. Guinevere gave almost identical rings
1. To Morgan le Fay
• Her ring differing from Lancelot’s
• Only in the engraving of the stone
2. Later a similar ring to Lancelot
2. Morgan le Fay took Gui(ng)omar/Guinguemar/Guimoar/Guingamuer
1. A cousin of Guinevere’s
2. For a lover
3. Finding them together
1. The angry Guinevere banished Gui(ng)omar/Guinguemar/Guimoar/Guingamuer
2. Morgan fled to Merlin
• Learned (or increased her earlier knowledge of) necromancy
• Hated Guinevere ever afterward
4. This incident is recorded in Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail)
5. May refer to the same period mentioned in Vulgate Suite du Merlin
1. When Morgan le Fay met Merlin in Bedingran/Bedegraine
2. At the time of the knighting of Gawain and his brothers
6. While never showing Morgan le Fay in person
1. Chrétien de Troyes refers to her rather more than to Merlin
2. In Érec et Énide (Erec and Enide)
• Chrétien identifies Morgan le Fay as Arthur’s sister
• Mentions that Gui(ng)omar (Lord of the Isle of Avalon) is her lover
• Describes a salve she made for her brother
• If applied once a day
• It effectively heals any wound within a week
3. In Yvain, or Le Chevalier au Lion (Owain, or The Knight with the Lion)
• “Morgan the Wise”
• Has given the Lady of Noroison an ointment
• That cures madness
4. Both these preparations — assuming that they are two separate preparations
5. Show Morgan le Fay in her beneficent aspect
6. There is no reference in Chrétien’s works to her as a villain
4. Eventually returning to Arthur’s court
1. Morgan le Fay took a new lover, Sir Accolon of Gaul
2. With whom she plotted the deaths of both Arthur and Urien(s)/Urience
3. Planning to put Accolon and herself on the throne of Britain
4. The scheme was thwarted by Nimue
5. On learning of Accolon’s death at Arthur’s hands, some distance from court
6. Morgan le Fay attempted at least to murder her sleeping husband
1. Surprisingly, by the natural means of a sword
2. But was prevented by their son Ywain(e)/Yvain/Ewain/Uwain/(Owein/Owain)
7. Gaining Ywaine’s promise of secrecy on her own pledge of future good behaviour
1. Morgan le Fay received Guinevere’s permission to leave court
2. Pretending urgent business at home
8. Morgan le Fay stopped at the nunnery where Arthur lay wounded
1. Stole the Scabbard of Excalibur
2. The sword she could not get because Arthur was sleeping with it
9. Pursued by Arthur
1. Morgan le Fay threw the scabbard into a deep lake
2. Then changed herself and her men into stones to escape capture
10. Their danger past
1. Morgan le Fay saved Sir Manassen, a cousin of Accolon’s, from enemies
2. Sent him back to Arthur to tell how cleverly she had eluded him
5. Morgan le Fay returned to Gore and garrisoned her castles in preparation for attack
1. Nor was the precaution groundless
2. For Malory mentions Arthur’s attempt
1. To win back at least one castle
2. That Arthur himself had given Morgan le Fay in friendlier times
6. Soon after Morgan le Fay’s return to Gore
1. When Arthur met her Damsel in Sir Damas’ castle
1. Masquerading as Damas’ daughter
2. Arthur thought he recognised her as a damsel he had seen around his own court
2. Perhaps she could be identified with the damsel
1. Who brought Arthur Morgan’s gift of a rich poisoned mantle
2. Set with precious stones, ostensibly as a peace-offering
3. Nimue, who was perhaps also acquainted with Greek tragedy
1. Warned Arthur not to wear it
2. Or let any of his knights wear it
3. Unless Morgan le Fay’s messenger wore it first
• Arthur made the reluctant damsel messenger try it on
• It immediately burned her to coals
7. After the episode of the poisoned mantle (Morgan le Fay’s Mantle)
1. Morgan’s efforts against Arthur
1. Seem almost entirely directed at forcing him
2. To recognise the love of Lancelot and Guinevere
2. Sir Bertilak de Hautdesert remarked to Gawain
1. That the affair of the Green Knight’s beheading game
2. Had been staged by Morgan le Fay to shock Guinevere to death
• An explanation which we may take figuratively
• If not with a grain of salt
3. In Sir Gawaine and the Green Knight
1. Morgan le Fay appears as an extremely old woman
2. This is curious, for here, as in Malory, she is Gawain’s aunt
3. Gawain, like Arthur and the rest of his court, is still quite young
4. Igraine must either be granted a remarkably long period of childbearing
• If Morgan le Fay has naturally attained her great age in this work
• Or Malory more likely reversed the order of birth for the three sisters
• Rightfully being Morgan le Fay, Margawse, and Elaine
• Morgan le Fay could give Bertilak the appearance of the Green Knight
• So she could have given herself the appearance of any age she wished
4. Guinevere may well have continued to resent the fact that
1. After raising such a fuss
• About her friend Morgan le Fay’s affair
• With Gui(ng)omar/Guinguemar/Guimoar/Guingamuer
2. Guinevere proceeded to enjoy a long, adulterous liaison of her own with Lancelot
5. Although a shield was made by Morgan le Fay
1. There is no indication that Morgan le Fay’s Shield was magical in itself
2. Its field was golden
3. With a king and a queen therein painted
4. A knight standing above them
• One foot upon the king’s head
• The other upon the queen’s
6. Morgan made Tristan carry this shield in the tournament at the Castle of the Hard Rock
1. The device signified Arthur, Guinevere, and Lancelot
2. Although Morgan le Fay would not tell Tristan who the painted knight was
7. Morgan le Fay’s Drinking Horn
1. This magical drinking horn
• “harnessed with gold”
• Could only be used in safety by ladies who were true to their husbands
2. If the drinker were false to her husband all the drink would spill
3. Morgan le Fay could not herself have honestly drunk from the drinking horn
• She sent this horn to Arthur
• In another attempt to publicise Guinevere’s unfaithfulness
• But Sir Lamorak stopped the messenger
• Made him take it to King Mark instead
4. Of a hundred ladies in Mark’s court
• Including (La Beale Isoud)/Isolde
• Only four could drink cleanly
5. To the credit of the men
• When the angered King Mark swore to burn Isoud/Isolde
• And the other shamed ladies
• The barons gathered them together
• Said plainly they would not have those ladies burnt
       — For an horn made by sorcery
       — That came from a sorceress and witch
6. For that horn did never good, but caused strife and debate
7. Always in Morgan le Fay’s days, she had been an enemy to all true lovers
8. So there were many knights made their avow
• An ever they met with Morgan le Fay
• That they would show her short courtesy
8. Morgan le Fay was eventually forced to vacate Gore
1. Rather than run afoul of her husband
2. Or his deputy King Bagdemagus
9. She owned, acquired, or usurped
1. More than one castle outside Gore
2. From which she could operate
3. Including her secret mountain castle
1. Of Mon(t)gibel(lo)/Monte(-)gibel/(Gibel Uttamat)/(Mt Ætna/Etna) in Sicily, Italy
2. Appearing in
• Floriant et Floret(t)e (Floriant and Floret(t)e)
• And in Le Chevalier du Papegau (The Knight of the Parrot)
10. Morgan le Fay’s last known lover was Sir Hemison
1. Whom she mourned deeply
2. Buried richly when he was slain by Tristan
11. She tried to make
1. Alisander le Orphelin her paramour
2. More than once, Sir Lancelot
12. Morgan le Fay seems to have had her lovers one at a time
1. Taking a new one
2. Only some while after the former one was slain
3. Or otherwise lost
13. With Lancelot, she seems to have had a special love-hate relationship
1. Malory records one instance of Morgan le Fay kidnapping Lancelot
1. Acting in concert with her companions at the time
2. The queens of Norgales, Eastland, and the Out Isles
2. The Vulgate records other occasions when Morgan le Fay got Lancelot into her power
1. She hated Lancelot because Guinevere loved him
2. Because he loved Guinevere and repulsed Morgan’s own advances
3. Whenever Morgan le Fay captured Lancelot, she tried to get him into her own bed
4. As an example of one of their exchanges
1. After Lancelot had saved Duke Rochedon’s Daughter
2. Morgan conjured him by what he loved best to doff his helmet
3. (This was probably not enchantment, but a rule of courtesy)
4. When he unhelmed
• She said that if she had known his identity before
• Lancelot would not have escaped so easily
• He replied that if Morgan le Fay were a man
• He’d know how to deal with her
• She responded that he would regret that comment
14. Morgan le Fay seems to have been or had the reputation
1. Of being at the heart of some network of enchantresses and villains
1. Once King Mark appealed to Morgan le Fay and the Queen of Norgales
2. To set the country “in fire” with enchantresses and wicked knights
• Like Malgrin
• And Breuse Sans Pitie
2. This suggests that there was such a network
3. Or at least that Morgan le Fay and the Queen of Norgales
1. Wielded authority over other necromancers
2. And wicked men
4. These same two are credited in Malory with putting a damsel into a scalding bath
15. Morgan le Fay’s nephew Mordred may have served her at least for a time
16. [Another instance of Morgan le Fay’s mischief may be found under (Val Sans Retour)/(Valley of No Return)]
17. Kidnapping Lancelot after he had disenchanted her (Val Sans Retour)/(Valley of No Return)
1. Morgan le Fay demanded the ring Guinevere had given him as a ransom
2. When Lancelot refused
1. Morgan le Fay resorted to drugging him
2. Exchanging rings
18. Lancelot did not notice the difference
1. Morgan le Fay sent his ring to court
2. With a “confession” apology
3. Purportedly by Lancelot
1. In another effort to uncover Guinevere’s unfaithfulness to Arthur
2. Guinevere said she had given the ring to Lancelot, but honorably
3. Arthur said he did not believe Morgan le Fay’s damsel
4. Rather than lose Lancelot, Arthur would let Lancelot love the Queen
19. Morgan le Fay, like Arthur, occasionally took the shape of a raven or crow
20. (Morgan’s Castle)/(Chastel de Morgain)
1. Morgan le Fay had at least two castles
2. She may well have had even more, here and there about the country
3. She had at least one secret mountain castle in what is now Sicily, Italy
4. King Arthur gave Morgan le Fay a castle
1. Later regretted his generosity
2. But he never could win it from her again with any kind of siege engine
3. She sent her knights out by one, two, and three
• To overthrow Arthur’s knights
• Imprison or at least strip them
4. This castle appears to have been not too far from Camelot
• Likely to the south
• Toward Cornwall
5. Were we to make it Ringwood in southwest Southampton
• Make Beaulieu, not far from Ringwood, the castle of La Beale Regard
• It would be easy to understand why Morgan would usurp La Beale Regard
• “Ringwood” would not make a bad name for the castle of a sorceress
5. According to the Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail)
1. Morgan le Fay had a castle near the stronghold of Tauroc, Wales
2. Which in turn must have been near Taneborc Castle at the entrance of Norgales
• Once Arthur and his companions
• While lost when hunting in the woods around Tauroc
• Came to this Welsh castle of Morgan le Fay’s
• This was late in Arthur’s career
• He was surprised to find his half-sister yet alive
• He had presumed her dead
• Not having heard of her in some years
3. Arthur found that her castle had
• Silk-covered walls in the courtyard
• Great splendor
• Marvelous illumination within
• Gold and silver dinner plates
• Which he could not match
• Even at Camelot
4. Morgan le Fay had once imprisoned Lancelot in this castle
• Putting him to sleep with drugged wine
• She blew a curious powder into his nostrils through a silver tube
• Thus taking away his senses for a time
• Which made him quite content to remain with her
• Lancelot did not lose his memory
• Seeing a man paint the history of Aeneas
• Lancelot was inspired to paint his own life
• Around the walls of his room
• He had beguild two winters and a summer
• By painting his life’s history
• Including scenes of his love for Guenevere
• On the walls of his room
• At the end of this time
• A spring rose
• In a garden Morgan le Fay had planted
       — Outside his window
       — For his enjoyment
• Suddenly reminded him of Guinevere
• So Lancelot
       — Broke the iron bars of his window
       — Plucked the rose
       — Armed himself
       — Kept on going
       — The spell being broken
• He spared Morgan le Fay
       — On this occasion
       — For the sake of her half-brother Arthur
6. Endings
1. Introduction to Endings
2. Now retired to her castle near Tauroc, Wales
1. Morgan le Fay lived quietly there for so long
2. When Arthur had chanced upon her castle while hunting
3. She welcomed him warmly
1. On this occasion he spent a week visiting her
2. The only attempt she made on his well-being
• Was to show him the murals Lancelot
• Had once painted while a prisoner in this castle
• Which murals revealed his relations with Guinevere
• Arthur refused to believe even this evidence
• Invited his half-sister to Camelot
• Morgan le Fay replied that she would never leave her castle
• Until the time came for her to go to Avalon/Avilion
3. Tirant Lo Blanc(h) continues this final favorable light
1. Without allusion to Morgan le Fay’s villain aspect
2. She appears dressed in black and searching diligently for her brother
1. Finding him
2. She rejoins
3. In the ensuing celebration
• It appears that dancing with her
• Constitutes a signal honor for the knight
• She chooses as her partner
4. Despite her long role as antagonist to Arthur, Guinevere, and their court
1. Morgan le Fay was the chief of the grieving ladies
2. Who came to bear Arthur away to Avilion/Avalon after the last battle
1. As Morganis,
• In (Liber) de Principis Instructione
• (On Instruction of Princes or Book of Early Instruction)
• By Giraldus Cambrensis (Gerald of Wales)
2. Morganis was a noblewoman cousin of King Arthur
• Who carried him to her island of Avalon
• Identified by Gerald as Glastonbury
• Where Arthur was buried
3. Gerald claimed that
• “as a result, the credulous Britons and their bards invented the legend
    that a fantastic sorceress had removed Arthur’s body to the Isle of Avalon,
    so that she might cure his wounds there”
• For the purpose of creating the possibility of King Arthur’s messianic return
7. Occurrences of “Morgan” (by various names and descriptions) in Related “Literature”
1. of Monmouth, Geoffrey. Vita Merlini (Life of Merlin). AD 1148 to 1150/1151.
2. de Troyes, Chrétien. Érec et Énide (Geraint and Enid). late Twelfth Century AD (c AD 1170).
3. Tyolet. late Twelfth Century AD.
4. of Donaing, Gauchier (Wauchier of Denain). Second Continuation of Chrétien’s Perceval. c AD 1200.
5. de Brie, Graindor. La Bataille (de) Loquifer (The Battle (of) Loquifer). c AD 1170/1230.
6. von Eschenbach, Wolfram. Parzival (Perceval). late Twelfth/early Thirteenth Century AD (AD 1200/1210).
7. von Zatzikhoven, Ulrich. Lanzelet (Lanzalet in French and Spanish; Lancelot in English). early Thirteenth Century AD (c AD 1200).
8. Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper). AD 1210s/1215/1230.
9. Vulgate Morte Artu (Death of Arthur). AD 1210s/1215/1230.
10. Vulgate Suite du Merlin (Story of Merlin). AD 1220/1230s/1235.
11. Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin (Continuation of Merlin, or The Merlin Continuation). AD 1230/1240.
12. Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail). AD 1230/1240.
13. Post-Vulgate Mort Artu (Death of Arthur). AD 1230/1240.
14. Huon de Bordeaux (Huon of Bordeaux). early Thirteenth Century AD (c AD 1260).
15. de Gat, Luce and Helie de Boron. Tristan en prose (Prose Tristan). AD 1225-1235, second half of Thirteenth Century AD (AD 1276).
16. Arthour and Merlin (Arthur and Merlin). late Thirteenth Century AD.
17. Morgayne, Emperisse de Desert (Morgan, Empress of Wilderness/Desert). Thirteenth/Fourteenth Centuries AD.
18. Perceforest (Pierce the Forest). AD 1330/1344.
             (The most complete of the four manuscripts known is “Manuscript C”.)
             (It was written by David Aubert, c AD 1459/1460; for Duc Philippe de Bourgogne le Bon.)
19. Malory, Syr Thomas. (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
             This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483.
20. Malory, Sir Thomas. Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur). Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485.
8. Astrological Signs Associated with Morgan le Fay
1. Virgo — Mercury- — Earth
2. Pisces — Jupiter- — Water
3. Taurus — Venus- — Earth
4. Libra — Venus+ — Air
9. Geography, Genealogy, and Timeline of Morgan le Fay
1. Geography of Morgan le Fay
2. Genealogy of Morgan le Fay
3. Timeline of Morgan le Fay
3. Mordred, one of the Dark Mysteries of Logres
1. Introduction to Mordred, one of the Dark Mysteries of Logres
2. Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison: Mordred’s Name, Multiple Mordreds, and Other Tricksters/(Anti)Heroes/Knights/Warriors/Rescuers/Gods
1. Introduction to the Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison:
                  Mordred’s Name, Multiple Mordreds, and Other Tricksters/(Anti)Heroes/Knights/Warriors/Rescuers/Gods
2. Meaning and Origin of Mordred’s Name
1. Introduction to the Meaning and Origin of Mordred’s Name
2. Medrawt/Medraut/Medrawd/Medraud/Medrod
3. Modreuant/Modrod/Modrot/Mordet/Mordarette/Mod(e)rat(us)/Mo(r)dret
4. Mordrech/Mordrés/Mord(d)rede/Mo(r)d(e)red(us)
3. Existence of Multiple Mordreds
1. Introduction to the Existence of Multiple Mordreds
2. King
1. One of Arthur’s knights
2. In Renaut de Bâgé’s Le Bel Inconnu
3. Fights in the Castle of Maidens’ tournament
4. Is defeated by Guinglain (Gawain’s son)
5. Has a brother named Segures
3. Prince
4. Hero and Legitimate Heir
1. Eldest Son of Cordav
2. Chief Officer of Britain
5. Betrayer and Illegitimate Usurper
4. Comparison of Other Tricksters/(Anti)Heroes/Knights/Warriors/Rescuers/Gods to Mordred
1. Introduction to the Comparison of Other Tricksters/(Anti)Heroes/Knights/Warriors/Rescuers/Gods to Mordred
2. Maponos/Maponus
3. Mabon ap Modron
4. Mabuz
5. Oengus mac Og (literally, Oengus son of Young)
6. Mider/Mid(h)ir, son of the Dagda
7. Diarmuid/(Diarmaid Ua Duibhne)/(Diarmid O’Dyna)/(Diarmuid of the Love Spot)
8. Laamorz
9. Gwydre
10. Amr
11. Llacheu
12. Pryderi
13. Maelgw(y)n/Malgo/Maglocunus
1. Son of Cadwallon Lawhir/(Long Hand), son of Einion Yrth/(The Impetuous) (and Prawst ferch Deithlyn), son of Cunedag/Cuned(d)a/Cunorix Wledig
2. Born c AD 480
3. King of the Britons
4. King of Gwynedd
5. Reigned AD 545/550 to AD 549/555
6. Died c AD 549
14. Melwas/Maelwys/Mael(g)was/(mel = honey; mael = bald; gwas = youth, young man)
15. Meleagant/Maleagant/Malagrant/Meliagrant/Mel(l)iag(r)aunce
16. Gwern
1. (alder grove/marsh)/swamp/quagmire/(damp meadow)/((figuratively) hell)
2. Son of King Matholwch of Ireland and Branwen
17. Cardog/Caradoc, son of Brân/Bran/Bron/Bendigeidfran/(Brân Fendigaidd)/(Brân the Blessed)/(Blessed Crow)
18. Dylan/(dylanw/(tidal flow))/(dīφlanu/(off/away + flood)), son of Gwydion and Arianrhod; son and daughter of Beli Mawr (and Dôn verch/ferch Mathonwy)
1. Ail Don
• the second wave
• Or son of swell
2. Eil Ton (son of wave)
3. Eil Mor (son of sea)
19. Gwawl fab Clud
20. Gwyn(n)(was) ap Nudd
21. Mardoc
22. Maldred/Meldred
23. King/Prince Mannuētios/Mandubracius/Mandubragius/Mandubratius/Andrag(or)ius/Androgeus/Afarwy of the Trinovantes
1. First Century BC
2. Betrayed his uncle, Cassibilian/Cassivellaunus/Cassivellaunos/Cas(s)wal(l)a(w)n/Caswal(l)on, to Julius Caesar
24. Mechi/Méche/Meiche
25. Ares/Mars, God of War
26. Mithras(/Medea?)
27. Medros/Meduris
28. ‘God of the Underworld’
29. ‘God of Darkness’
3. Beginnings
1. The Family of Mordred
1. Mother
1. Gwyar
2. Anna/Anne
• As Arthur’s sister
• As Arthur’s aunt (as the sister of Uther Pendragon)
• In Scotorum Historiæ (History of Scots)
• by Hector Boece (Boethius)
3. Belisent
4. a concubine
5. an unnamed sister of Arthur
6. Margawse/Morgawse/Morgause/Morgose
7. Morgan le Fay (only in some modern tales)
2. Father
1. Cawrdaf ap Caradog/Caradoc Freichfras ap Ynyr Honorius Brenin ap Dyfnwal Hen ap Ednyfed ap Anwn/Antonius Dynod/Donatus Gregorius
2. (Lug(h) Lám(h)f(h)ada/Long Arm/Hand)/Llew(ddyn)/Lleu(ddun Llaw Gyffes)/Luyddog/(Of the Host)/Ludd
• Son of Cian/Cein and Ethliu/Ethniu/Ethlenn/Ethnenn
• Son of Gwydion/Gwydyon and Arianrhod
• Son of Cadlew ap Cadell ap Decurion ap Cinis Scaplaut ap Lleu Hen ap Guid Gen ap Caradog ap Bran
3. L(i)ot(h)/Leudonus/(Lludd + Lleu) Luwddoc of Lothian and Orkney
4. Arthur (traditionally son of Uther and Igraine)
3. (Foster-)Brother
1. Segu(a)r(ad)es/Segwarides — son of (Duke) Nabur, or son of Esclabor
2. Segramo(u)r(s)/Segremore(s)/S(e)ig(r)amor(e)/Seigremor/Sag(a)r(a)mo(u)r(e)/Sa(i)gremo(i)r(e)(t)(s)/Sacremors/Sogremor, son of (Duke) Nabur
4. (Half-)Brothers
1. Gawain(e)
2. Agravain(e)
3. Gaheris
4. Gareth
5. [Kideboc and Idaug]
5. Wives
1. Cywyllog
2. [?Enfret/A(i)nfrid/Áinfean?]
3. [?Ceridwen?]
4. Gwenhwy(f)ach (sister of Gwenhwyfar/Guinevere)
5. Gwenhwyfar/Guinevere
6. Gwwthyr verch Arthur
6. Sons
1. Melehan
• Killed King Lionel in the battle of Winchester
• Was himself slain by Lionel’s brother, Bors
2. Melou
3. [?Myrrdin?]
4. [?Arawn?]
5. unnamed — was killed by Lancelot
7. Daughter — Tortolina
2. Mordred’s Conception
3. The Prophecy
1. Merlin prophesied that Mordred
1. Would grow up
2. To kill King Arthur
2. Arthur ordered that all male babies
1. Of royal families
2. Born on May Day
3. Should be cast adrift in a boat
4. Identification
1. Only Mordred
1. Was saved by (Duke) Nabur, an Orkney fisherman
2. Survived the subsequent shipwreck
2. At the age of fourteen Mordred was taken
1. By (Duke) Nabur
2. To King Arthur’s court
4. Knighthood
1. Knighted
2. Travels with Lancelot
1. Peningues Castle
2. Kills Priest
3. Lancelot’s Reaction
4. Mass
5. Tournament
5. Camelot and Conflict
1. Member of the Round Table
2. Begins to Ravage
3. Dark Side more Prominent
4. Reveals Lancelot’s and Guinevere’s Betrayal
5. Becomes Regent
6. Endings
1. Betrayal of Arthur
1. Legitimate Heir
2. Illegitimate Usurper
2. Final Conflicts with Arthur
1. Allies
1. Saxons/Sesnes — headed by Arcaus/Archa(i)ns
2. Irish
3. Scottish — headed by Heliades
4. Welsh
2. Battle of Cam(b)lan(n)
1. Mordred
• Dies
• Is buried
2. Arthur
• Dies and is Buried
• Is taken to Avalon
• Dies and is buried
• Healed and awaits to return
7. Occurrences of “Mordred” (by various names and descriptions) in Related “Literature”
1. Annales Cambriæ (Annals of Wales). Ninth/Tenth Century AD (AD 950/960/970/980).
2. of Monmouth, Geoffrey. Historia Regum Britanniæ (History of Kings of Britain), or De Gestis Britonum (Of Deeds of Britons). AD 1136/1138/1139.
3. Wace of Jersey, Robert. Roman de Brut (Romance of Brutus, or A History of the British);
            or Geste des Bretons (Deeds of the British/Britons/Bretons);
            or Brut d’Engleterre (Brutus of England); or Roman des Rois d’Angleterre (Romance of Kings of England). AD 1155.
4. Layamon. Brut (Brutus, or The Chronicle of Britain). late Twelfth/mid Thirteenth Century AD (AD 1209/1215).
5. Vera Historia de Morte Arthuri (True History of Death of Arthur). mid Twelveth/late Thirteenth Century AD.
6. Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper). AD 1210s/1215/1230.
7. Vulgate Morte Artu (Death of Arthur). AD 1210s/1215/1230.
8. Trioedd Ynys Prydein/Prydain (Triads of British Isle, or Welsh Triads), from Llyfr Coch Hergest (Red Book of Hergest).
            Eleventh/(late Thirteenth)/Fourteenth Centuries AD.
9. Vulgate Suite du Merlin (Story of Merlin). AD 1220/1230s/1235.
10. Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin (Continuation of Merlin, or The Merlin Continuation). AD 1230/1240.
11. Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail). AD 1230/1240.
12. Post-Vulgate Mort Artu (Death of Arthur). AD 1230/1240.
13. de Langtoft, Pierre/Piers (Peter (of) Langtoft). The Chronicle. c AD 1300/1305.
14. La Tavola Ritonda (The Round Table). AD 1325/1350.
15. Mannyng (of Brunne), Robert. The Story of England. AD 1338.
16. d’Ou(t)remeuse/(des Preis), Jean. Ly Myreur des Histors (The Mirror of Histories). c AD 1350.
17. Stanzaic Le Morte Arthur (The Death of Arthur). Fourteenth Century AD.
18. Boccaccio, Giovanni. De Casibus Virorum Illustrium (On Fate of Illustrious Men). AD 1355/1362.
19. of Fordun, John. Chronica Gentis Scotorum (Chronicle of Scottish People). c AD 1385.
20. Perceforest (Pierce the Forest). AD 1330/1344.
             (The most complete of the four manuscripts known is “Manuscript C”.)
             (It was written by David Aubert, c AD 1459/1460; for Duc Philippe de Bourgogne le Bon.)
21. Alliterative Morte Arthure (Death of Arthur). c AD 1400 (Fourteenth/Fifteenth Century AD).
22. (Li) C(h)antari di Lancel(l)otto (The Songs of Lancelot). late Fourteenth/early Fifteenth Century AD.
23. Malory, Syr Thomas. (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
             This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483.
24. Malory, Sir Thomas. Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur). Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485.
25. Boece (Boethius), Hector. Scotorum Historiæ (History of Scots). AD 1527 (1575).
26. The Legend of King Arthur. Sixteenth Century AD.
8. Astrological Signs Associated with Mordred
1. Virgo — Mercury- — Earth
2. Aries — Mars+ — Fire
3. Scorpio — Mars- — Water
9. Geography, Genealogy, and Timeline of Mordred
1. Geography of Mordred
2. Genealogy of Mordred
3. Timeline of Mordred
4. Dwellers in Avalon, one of the Dark Mysteries of Logres
1. Introduction to Dwellers in Avalon, one of the Dark Mysteries of Logres
2. Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison: The Name of Avalon, Multiple Avalons, and Other Legendary Islands and Idyllic Locations
1. Introduction to the Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison: The Name of Avalon, Multiple Avalons, and Other Legendary Islands and Idyllic Locations
2. Meaning and Origin of the Name of Avalon
3. Existence of Multiple Avalons — Isles/Islands of Fruit/Apple(s) (Trees)
1. Introduction to the Existence of Multiple Avalons
2. (The Isle of) Avalon
1. Lile of Avelion/L’i(s)le of Avilion
2. Avellenn/Avallo(n)(e)/Avalun/(Ynys Afal(lach))/(Apple Island)
3. Amilion/Amylion/Amylyon
3. Otherworld/Underworld
1. (Ynys Afal(lach))/(Isle of Afal(lach)/Apples)/(Isle of Avallon)
2. (Insula Pomorum)/(Isle of Apple(s) or Fruit (Trees))
3. (Fortunatae Insulae)/(Fortunate Isle(s))
4. (Abode of Heroes)/(Isle of (Blessed) Souls)
5. Annw(y)n/Annwfn
4. (Isle of Man)/(Manannan Island)/(Ellan Vannin)/Man(nin)
1. (Ynys (yr) Abal(l)o(n)(e))/Afal(l)on(n)/(Ynys Afal(lach))/(Ynys Avallach)/(Avallach’s Island)/(Isle of Avallach)/(Apple Island)
2. ((Em(h)ain/Eamhne/Emne) Ab(h)lach/Avlach)/(Emain/Plain/Place of the Apples/Fruits)/(Rapidly-Moving Stream having Apple Trees)/(Fort/Stronghold of the Carcass/Corpse)/(Place of the Dead)
5. Glastonbury
1. Nomenclature
• (Ynys Afal(lach))/(The Island of Apples)/(Apple Island)
• Ineswitrin/(Ynys Witrin)/(Ynys Gutrin)
• Glastingebury
• Valleys of Avaron
• (Insula Avallonis)/((Insula) Aval(l)onia(e))/Avallo
2. Events
• In AD 63, Joseph of Arimathea supposedly brought the Holy Grail and planted his Holy Flowering Thorn there
• In AD 1191, Monks of its abbey claimed that Glastonbury itself was Avalon
• As Arthur’s last earthly destination, where he died and was buried
• The Monks announced that they had exhumed Arthur and his wife, Guinevere
• Together with a cross bearing the island’s name in the form Avalonia
• Perhaps a third body was found, that of Mordred
• In AD 1278, the remains were reburied, before the High Altar, with a great ceremony that was attended by King Edward I and his queen
• Later, a number of former knights gathered as hermits around Arthur’s grave
• The graves were the focus of pilgrimages until the Reformation
• The bodies had gone missing by the Sixteenth Century AD
6. (Ynys Enlli)/(Bardsey Island)/(Glass House/Ty Gwydr)
7. Aballava/Avalana (Burgh-by-Sands, Cumbria)
8. (On the River Allan)/(Av Alon) in Manann/Manau
9. Berth Hill in the Parish of Baschurch, Shropshire
10. Appledore, Cornwall
11. I(s)le Aval, Brittany
12. Avallon/Aballo(n)(e)/Aballō/Aballū/abalnā
1. (Apple-Tree (place))/((place of the) Apple Tree Goddess)
2. In Burgundy (Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France)
13. Assysla
14. (Ne)Meta(m)bal(l)a/(Nemeto Anvalo(s))/(Nemeton of the Apple Trees)/(The Sacred Apple-Grove) in Gloucestershire
1. Lydney Park
2. A Nemeton near Uley Bury
4. Comparison of Other Legendary Islands and Idyllic Locations to Avalon
1. Introduction to the Comparison of Other Legendary Islands and Idyllic Locations to Avalon
2. Camelot/Kamelot/Camaalot/Kamaalot
3. Corben(ic)/Corbenit/Corbin/Carbone(c)k/Corlenot/(Holy Vessel)/((Chastiaus del) Cor Beneit)/((Castle of the) Blessed Horn — cors benoiz/benôit)/((Castle of the) Blessed Body — cors benoit)/(the Land Beyond)
4. Lady of the Lake’s Abode
1. Britain
• Caer Lleon/Ca(e)rl(l)ion/City of Legions
• Isca Silurum/Camu-lôt/Caerleon(-on-Usk)
• Caerleon-upon-Dee/Chester (upon the Dee)
• Llyn Llydaw
• Llyn Ogwen
• Llyn y Fan Fach (near Myddfai)
• Dozmary Pool
• The Loe
• Pomparles Bridge
• Martin Mere
• Blake Mere Pool
• Loch Arthur
2. France
• Benoye
• Brocéliande Forest
• The Lake of Diana
• In Brittany
• Containing an invisible island
3. Belgium — Aleines Stream
4. Italy
• Pergusa Lake, in Sicily
• Lake Nemi, in the Lazio region
5. Lyonesse/Lyonnais
6. Ys
7. Cymenshore(a)/(Cymynu Ora)/(Commius Shore)
8. Oileán/Oléron/Orelan/Ovelon
9. (Tír na nÓg)/(Tír na hÓige)/(Tír Tairngire)/(Tír fo Thuinn)/(Mag Mell)/Ildathach
10. Annw(y)n/Annwfn/(Ynys Afal(lach))/(Isle of Afal(lach)/Apples)/(Caer Wydyr)/Ineswitrin/(Ynys Witrin)/(Ynys Gutrin)/(the Fort of Glass)/(Isle of Glass)
1. The nine maidens of Annwyn
2. Who kept a magic cauldron
11. Finchory/Finca(y)ra/Fianchuivé
12. Hyperborea/Hyboria
13. Fairyland
14. El Dorado
15. Zion
16. Heaven
17. (Garden of) Eden
1. Earthly Paradise
• Mediterranean
• Mount Amara
• Equator/(The Torrid Zone)
• Orient
• In China
• An Island near India
• “Beyond the Land of Prester John”
2. Heavenly Paradise
18. (Airyan(em) Vaejah(i))/(Airyanəm Vaēǰah)/Ērān-wēz/Irānwēj/Aryānwēžan/‘expanse of the Aryans’/(Khwarazm/Chorasmia)
19. Isles of the Fountain of Youth
20. ((Em(h)ain/Eamhne/Emne) Ab(h)lach/Avlach)/(Emain/Plain/Place of the Apples/Fruits)/(Rapidly-Moving Stream having Apple Trees)/(Fort/Stronghold of the Carcass/Corpse)/(Place of the Dead)
1. One of Seventeen Islands
• Emhain Abhlach (Rapidly-Moving Stream having Apple Trees — Place of the Dead)
• n-Inis Subai (Isle of Joy)
• Tír na mBan (Island Land of Women)
• Mag Mell (Pleasant/Delightful Plain)
• Tír na nÓg (Land of Youth)
• Twelve Others
2. Visited by Bran mac Febal
3. The Original Home of Lugh/(Lug Lamf(h)ada)
4. Filled with Swans and Yews
21. Blissful Isles of Grassholm
22. Caer Siddi (Fortress of Fairy)
23. Sannikov Land
24. Southern Thule
25. Uttarakuru
26. Lukomorye
27. Iona
28. Scilly Isles
29. Ile de Sein/Sena
1. Group of nine virgin priestesses actually living there — The Gallizenae/Gallicenae
2. Their abilities included
• Curing the sick
• Foretelling the future
• Controlling the weather
• Assuming animal disguises
30. (Garden of the Hesperides)/(Island of Hesperia)
31. Asgard/Ásgardr (specifically in reference to the “Apples of Youth”)
32. Valhalla/Walhalla/Valhöll
33. Glaisisvellir
34. The Antipodes
35. The Canaries
36. Mon(t)gibel(lo)/Monte(-)gibel/(Gibel Uttamat)/(Mt Ætna/Etna) in Sicily, Italy
37. Ag(h)art(t)(h)a/Agartta/Agharti/Agarath
38. Brittia
39. Doggerland
40. (Fortunatae Insulae)/(Fortunate Isle(s))
41. Fositesland/(Land of Forseti)
42. (Tol Eressëa)/Valinor
43. Thule
44. Magerøya
45. Atlantis
1. Atl + ante = water, a body of water, floods, liquid beverage, a calendrical marker + very, too much
2. Aztlan
3. Atala/(White Island)
4. (Island of Trampling)/(Island of the Egg)/(Island of Flames)
5. (Island of the Winds)
6. Aletae/(Aulitea/Aelitea)/Aeritae/Auritai/Aeria
46. Mu
1. Introduction to Mu
2. Mu and Lemuria
• Introduction to Mu and Lemuria
• Muia/Mu’ul
• Rutas
• Kumar(a)i Nadu (Kumarinatu) — Kumari Kandam (Kumarikkandam) — Sri Lanka — India
• Mauritia
• Kerguelen
3. Mu and Katau Peidi
• Introduction to Mu and Katau Peidi
• Nan Madol
• Kita-mw
• Mu-riio
47. Antillia
48. (Hy-)Brasil
49. Iram of the Pillars
50. Mayda
51. Saint Brendan’s Island
1. Land of Repromission/Promise
2. One of the Isles/Islands of the Blessed
52. Sandy Island, New Caledonia
53. Baltia
54. Nirvana
55. Shambhala
56. Beyul
57. Ilé-Ifè/Ifẹ
58. Kitezh
59. Sagala
60. Shangri-La
61. Arcadia
62. Cockaigne
63. Mahoroba
64. Peach Blossom Spring
65. Skardu
66. Shangdu/Xanadu
67. Xibalba/(Place of Fear/Fright)
68. Booyan/Bouyan
3. Beginnings
1. Rulers of “Avalon”
1. Introduction to the Rulers of “Avalon”
2. Manannán/Manawydan mac/(m)ap/fab Allód/Le(a)r/Lir/Llŷr, son of Cassivellaunus/Cassivellaunos/Cas(s)wal(l)a(w)n/Caswal(l)on, son of Beli Mawr
1. Irish/Welsh Sea-God
2. Ruling over an Elysian Otherworld isle
3. King Afallach/Avalloc/Avallach/Aballac/(Abellio)/Abalech/?Ablach?/Amalech/Amalach/Auallach/Evalac(h)/Evelake(/Apollo)
   1. ?Originally a God of Healing and Apples? (?God of Orchards and Apple Trees?)
   2. Son of (one of the following)
   • Beli
   • Beli Mawr/Beli(m)/Bel(in)(us) (Sun God, the “Fair Shining One” or “The Shining God”), son of Manogan/Monnogan and Anna
   • Beli(m)/Heli ap Brân/Bron/Bendigeidfran/(Brân Fendigaidd)/(Blessed Crow) (and Anna/Enygeus) ap Allód/Le(a)r/Lir/Llŷr
   • L(l)ud(d)/(Nudd Llaw Ereint)/(Nuada Airgetlám)/Nudens/Nodens/Nodons (God of Healing, the Sea, Hunting, & Dogs), son of Beli Mawr
   • Amalech/Amalach/Aballac [which may be a duplication of Afallach/Avalloc/Avallach/Aballac/(Abellio)/Abalech/?Ablach?/Amalech/Amalach/Auallach/Evalac(h)/Evelake(/Apollo)]
   3. Brother of Gyn(n)(was) ap Nudd
   4. Lived there with his daughters (was the father of Modron and/or Gwallwen)
   5. Father of Owain and/or Euddolen
4. Queen Morgen/Morganis/(Morgan le Fay)/Dioneta
1. Derivative from the RomanoGallic Matres/Matrae (who have relation to the Muses and the Fates)
2. Through a “Celtic” Goddess (Mātronā/Matrona/Modron/Mydron)
3. Skilled in the Seven Arts
4. A kindly enchantress heading a sisterhood of nine healers
• Morgen
• Moronoe
• Mazoe
• Gliten
• Glitonea
• Gliton
• Tyronoe
• Thiten
• Cithara known Thiten
5. Guingamuer/Gui(ng)omar/Guinguemar/Guimoar — Morgan’s Lover
6. Fairy Queen Argante/Margant(e)
7. Queen Enfeidas (A Goddess) — Sister of Uther, as Arthur’s aunt
8. Sorceress Escorducarla, the Lady of Vallone — Dama del Isola di Vallone (on “Avalon” located in the Soriano Sea)
9. King Bangon
10. King Oberon
1. As Son of Julius (Iulius) Cæsar
2. And of Morgan le Fay
3. Or of Glorianda
11. King Ogier the Dane
2. Attributes and Description
1. An island or valley(s)
2. Associated from an early date with mystical practices and people
1. An abode of departed spirits (spirit world)/(underworld)
2. Otherworld — Isle of (Blessed) Souls
3. Earthly Paradise — Eden
4. Home of fairies
3. The island lies in the centre of a great lake
1. Still waters gleam like blue steel
2. Surrounded by dark forests
4. A hero slain/severely injured in battle must find his painful way
1. Through these forests until he reaches the shores of the lake
2. Where a boat, draped in black cloth, awaits him (with a mysterious woman sitting silently at the helm)
5. The boat glides across to the island
1. Without causing a ripple on the still waters
2. As it approaches Avalon the hero’s gaping wounds become whole again
6. With all his manly vigour restored to him, he steps onto the beautiful island
1. Where the sun always shines
2. Rough weather is unknown
7. Orchards of apple trees laden with glowing fruit rise up from the water’s edge
1. Produces crops without cultivation
2. Self-sowing grain
3. Vines that flourish without tending
8. The grass is like a soft green lawn beneath his feet
9. Toward the centre of the island
1. There are green silent forests with flowery glades
2. Filled with such peace as men will never know on earth
10. The hero wanders contentedly through the forest
11. He slowly becomes aware of the other inhabitants of the island
1. Who live for a century or more
2. They are heroes, like himself, who have perished in the defence of the right, against the powers of darkness
3. Together with a race of beautiful women, who are keepers of magic that inspires charity, courage, kindliness, and pure-hearted love
12. (Christianised elaboration)
1. In the depths of the forest there is a small church built by Joseph of Arimathea
2. There the hero finds the supreme joy of worshipping the Creator
4. Events in Avalon
1. Arthur’s sword, “Excalibur”, was forged there
2. Guinevere and Loholt died before Arthur, and were buried in Avalon
3. Arthur was carried there after his last battle, Camlann
1. In a boat/barge
1. Piloted by Barinthus — An authority on seafaring, who also figures in the Irish tale of ‘Saint Brendan’s Voyage’
2. In the company of four ladies including Morgan le Fay
2. So that his wounds might be attended to
4. In a palace/manor surrounded by pools and fruit-trees
1. Morgan, a powerful sorceress, placed Arthur on a bed made of gold
2. Examined his major wound
3. Undertook to heal him if he would stay in Avalon for a long time under her care
4. His youth is annually restored by visits of the Holy Grail
5. Both enjoy immortality and perpetual youth
5. Fate of Arthur
1. Arthur would return to rule again (waking from a mystical/magical sleep)
2. Or the great king died like any other man, and was buried
1. In one story, a surgeon arrives from Salerno
2. He fails to cure Arthur, who then dies
5. Occurrences of “Avalon” (by various names and descriptions) in Related “Literature”
1. Mela, Pomponius. De situ orbis libri III (Description of the World, Three Books), or De chorographia libri III (Of Cosmography, Three Books). c AD 43/44.
2. of Seville, Isidore. Etymologiæ (Etymologies), XIV.6.8 “Fortunatæ Insulæ” (“Fortunate Islands”). AD 613.
3. Saint Angus the Culdee. Navigatio Sancti Brendani (Abbatis) (Voyage of Saint Brendan (the Abbot)). Tenth/mid-Eighth Century AD (AD 691/776).
4. Preiddeu Annw(fy)n (Spoils of Annwn), from Llyfr Taliessin (Book of Taliesin). early 14th Century AD, originally Ninth Century AD (c AD 900).
5. of Malmesbury, William. De Antiquitæ/Antiquitate Glastonie(nsis) Ecclesie/Ecclesia(e) (On Antiquity of Glastonbury Church). AD 1117.
6. of Monmouth, Geoffrey. Prophetiæ/Libellus Merlini (Prophecies/Prophecy/Petition of Merlin). AD 1133.
7. of Monmouth, Geoffrey. Historia Regum Britanniæ (History of Kings of Britain), or De Gestis Britonum (Of Deeds of Britons). AD 1136/1138/1139.
8. of Monmouth, Geoffrey. Vita Merlini (Life of Merlin). AD 1148 to 1150/1151.
9. Wace of Jersey, Robert. Roman de Brut (Romance of Brutus, or A History of the British);
            or Geste des Bretons (Deeds of the British/Britons/Bretons);
            or Brut d’Engleterre (Brutus of England); or Roman des Rois d’Angleterre (Romance of Kings of England). AD 1155.
10. de Rouen, Étienne (Stephen of Rouen). Draco Normannicus (Norman Dragon, or The Norman Standard). AD 1167/1168/1169.
11. de Troyes, Chrétien. Érec et Énide (Geraint and Enid). late Twelfth Century AD (c AD 1170).
12. de Boron, Robert. Joseph d’Arimathie (Joseph of Arimathea),
             or Le Roman de l’Estoire dou Graal (Li Romanz de l’Estoire dou Graal) (The Romance of the History of the Grail),
             or Le Petit Saint Graal (The Lesser Holy Grail). late Twelfth/early Thirteenth Century AD (AD 1190/1191/1202/1210).
13. Cambrensis, Giraldus (Gerald of Wales). (Liber) de Principis Instructione: Libri III,
             or De Instructione Principum (On Instruction of Princes, or Book of Early Instruction: Book Three). c AD 1193/1216.
14. Perlesvaus, or Le/Li Hauz Livre(s) du Graal (The High Book(s)/History of the Grail).
             early Thirteenth Century AD (AD 1192/1205/1220/1225).
15. Layamon. Brut (Brutus, or The Chronicle of Britain). late Twelfth/mid Thirteenth Century AD (AD 1209/1215).
16. Vera Historia de Morte Arthuri (True History of Death of Arthur). mid Twelveth/late Thirteenth Century AD.
17. Trioedd Ynys Prydein/Prydain (Triads of British Isle, or Welsh Triads), from Llyfr Coch Hergest (Red Book of Hergest).
             Eleventh/(late Thirteenth)/Fourteenth Centuries AD.
18. von Strassburg, Gottfried. Tristan. early Thirteenth Century AD.
19. von dem Türlin, Heinrich. Diu Crône (The (Bejewelled) Crown). AD 1224/1230.
20. (Li Romans de) Durmart le Gal(l)ois, or Roman de Durmart (((The) ((Romance of) Durmart the Gaul/Welshman))).
             early Thirteenth Century AD (AD 1220s/1230s).
21. “Murder of Prince Arthur” in Chronicle of Margam Abbey. AD 1200/1299.
22. Jehan. Les Merveilles de Rigomer (The Marvels of Rigomer). mid/late Thirteenth Century AD.
23. Floriant et Floret(t)e (Floriant and Floret(t)e). c AD 1250/1275/1283.
24. La Tavola Ritonda (The Round Table). AD 1325/1350.
25. d’Ou(t)remeuse/(des Preis), Jean. Ly Myreur des Histors (The Mirror of Histories). c AD 1350.
26. Stanzaic Le Morte Arthur (The Death of Arthur). Fourteenth Century AD.
27. Boccaccio, Giovanni. De Casibus Virorum Illustrium (On Fate of Illustrious Men). AD 1355/1362.
28. (de) Torroella/Toerella/Torroelha, Guillem/Guillaume. La Faula (The Fable). AD 1370.
29. du Guesclin, Bertrand. Roman d’Ogier le Danois, or Ogier de Danemarche (Romance of Ogier the Dane, or Ogier of the Danes). Fourteenth Century AD (c AD 1405).
30. Perceforest (Pierce the Forest). AD 1330/1344.
             (The most complete of the four manuscripts known is “Manuscript C”.)
             (It was written by David Aubert, c AD 1459/1460; for Duc Philippe de Bourgogne le Bon.)
31. Alliterative Morte Arthure (Death of Arthur). c AD 1400 (Fourteenth/Fifteenth Century AD).
32. Malory, Syr Thomas. (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
             This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483.
33. Malory, Sir Thomas. Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur). Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485.
6. Astrological Sign Associated with Avalon - Virgo — Mercury- — Earth
7. Geography, Genealogy, and Timeline of Avalon
1. Geography of Avalon
2. Genealogy of Avalon
3. Timeline of Avalon