Circle of Logres: An Introduction

Main     Introduction     History     Arthur
Lady of Lake     Gawain     Morgan, Mordred, Avalon
Camelot     Tristan, Isolde     Grail     Guinevere
Round Table, Knights     Perceval, Galahad
Excalibur     Merlin     Lancelot     Compendium
Sources     Email Glyn Hnutu-healh

An Introduction:
Geographical and Genealogical
Origins and Archetypes of Arthuriana

None of the line items that are included in the following outline are meant to be links.
The outline itself represents the material that is to be covered in the upcoming book known by the above title (available after June 2025).

Foreword by Jill M Roberts

Introduction to Circle of Logres: Encyclopædia Arthuriana
Heroes and Quests

Introduction to Heroes and Quests
The Hero Story of King Arthur and Queen Guinevere

Introduction to the Hero Story of King Arthur and Queen Guinevere
Arthur, Lord King of Logres

Introduction to Arthur, Lord King of Logres by Christopher Gidlow and Linda A Malcor
Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison: Arthur’s Name, Multiple Arthurs, Other Kings/Emperors/Heroes/Deities, and Event Dates for “Arthur” in Various Source Texts and their corresponding “Arthur Candidates”

Introduction to the Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison: Arthur’s Name, Multiple Arthurs, Other Kings/Emperors/Heroes/Deities, and Event Dates for “Arthur” in Various Source Texts and their corresponding “Arthur Candidates”
Meaning and Origin of the Name Arthur
Existence of Multiple Arthurs
Comparison of Other Kings/Emperors/Heroes/Deities to Arthur
Event Dates for “Arthur” in Various Arthurian Source Texts and their corresponding “Arthur Candidates”

Beginnings

Family and Retainers (traditional)
The “Constantines”
Arthur’s Basic Character
Merlin and the Birth of Arthur — “The scion of a royal line, miraculously conceived”
A Birthplace and A Home — “Miraculously born amid supernatural phenomena”
The Death of Uther — “Of whom an aged holy man prophesies a world-saving message”
Excalibur — “Whose childhood deeds proclaim his divine character”
Merlin and the Instruction of Arthur — “Is awakened to his proper task”

Duty and Battles

Duty — “Departs to engage in arduous forest disciplines”
Battles — “Which confront him, finally, with a supernatural adversary, over whom victory is achieved and established”

Camelot

Marriage to Guinevere in a Rebuilt and Restored Britain — “Marries and begats an heir”
Assembled Court — “Preaching a doctrine of salvation to a company of disciples”
Knights of the Round Table, A Time of Peace and Security, and the Conquest of Europe — “A smaller, elite circle of initiates”
Adulteries, Adventures, and Quests — “Becomes a wandering teacher”
Completion of the Grail Quest — “Performing miracles”

Endings

Betrayal: Guinevere, Lancelot, Rome, Mordred, and the Battle of Camlann — “Another, dark and treacherous, is bent on his death”
Arthur’s Last Request and the Isle of Avalon

Arthur’s Association with Related Physical Objects/Locations

Saint Carannog’s Mystical Floating Altar
Arthur’s Oven/O’en/O’on
(King) Arthur’s Bed(-chamber)
Arthur’s Bridge
Arthur’s Castle (Dumbarton)
Arthur’s Cave
Arthur’s Chair
Arthur’s Cups and Saucers (Tintagel)
Arthur’s Downs (Arthur’s Hall, Arthur’s Troughs)
Arthur’s Fold (Arthurbank)
Arthur’s Fountain
Arthur’s Grave/Tomb (Slaughter Bridge, Bedd Arthur, Carn Arthur)
Arthur’s Hill
Arthur’s Hunting Causeway (Cadbury Castle)
Arthur’s Hunting Lodge/Seat
Arthur’s Lane (Cadbury Castle)
Arthur’s Palace (Cadbury Castle)
Arthur’s Pot (Gwal y Filiast)
Arthur’s Quoit (Coetan Arthur, Carreg Arthur)
Arthur’s Spear (Ffon y Cawr)
Arthur’s Stone (Arthurstone, Maen Arthur, Stone of Arthur)
Arthur’s Table (Bwrth Arthur)
Arthur’s Well
Arthur’s Wood (Coed Arthur)
Arthur’s Yard (Buarth Arthur)

Occurrences of “Arthur” (by various names and descriptions) in Related “Literature”

Jordanes/Jordanis/Jornandes. Historia Gothorum (History of Goths, or Gothic History, or The Origin and Deeds of the Goths). Sixth Century AD (c AD 551).
Gildas/Gyldus [III]. De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniæ (On Ruin and Conquest of Britain). Sixth Century AD (after AD 559 (572/573), possibly as late as AD 598).
of Tours, Gregory. Decem Libri Historiarum (Ten Books of Histories), better known as Historia Francorum (History of the Franks). AD 575 to AD 594.
(A)neirin/Aneurin of the Votadini. Y Guotoðin (The Gododdin: The Votadini), in Llyfr Aneirin/Aneurin (Book of Aneirin/Aneurin).
Sixth/Seventh/Ninth/Tenth Centuries AD (c AD 600).
(Chwedyl) Gereint/Geraint mab/vab/fab/fil(ius) Erbin ((Legendary) Gereint/Geraint, son of Erbin),
from Llyfr Du Cærfyrddin (Black Book of Cærmarthen). Ninth/Tenth/Eleventh Century AD, originally c AD 480.
Bede. Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum (Ecclesiastical History of English People, or A History of the English Church and People). early Eighth Century AD (AD 731).
(pseudo-)Nennius/Nemnuuis/Ninnius/Nemnius. Historia Brittonum (History of Britons). late Eighth/early Ninth Century AD (AD 828/829/830).
Anonymous Monk of R(h)uys. Vita Sancti Gildæ (Life of Saint Gildas). Ninth Century AD.
Annales Cambriæ (Annals of Wales). Ninth/Tenth Century AD (AD 950/960/970/980).
Ymddiddan Gwyddno Garanhir ac/a Gwyn fab/ap Nudd (The Dialogue of Gwyddneu/Gwyddno Garanhir and Gwyn ap Nudd),
from Llyfr Du Cærfyrddin (Black Book of Cærmarthen). Tenth/Eleventh Century AD.
(Yr) Aval(l)enau/Afallennau (The (Apple Tree(s))/(Apples), or The Apple Tree Stanzas),
from Llyfr Du Cærfyrddin (Black Book of Cæmarthen). c AD 620/623 (Twelfth/mid Thirteenth Century AD).
Pa Gur/Gwr yv Y Porthaur?, or Arthur a Y Porthaur, or Ymddiddan Arthur a Glewlwyd Gafælfawr (What Man is The Gatekeeper/Porter?,
         or Arthur and The Gatekeeper/Porter, or Dialogue of Arthur and Glewlwyd Gafælfawr),
         or A dialogue between Arthur and Glewlwyd/Glewleyd Gavælvawr/Mighty(-)Grasp,
         otherwise known as Dialogue with Glewlwyd, from Llyfr Du Cærfyrddin (Black Book of Cærmarthen).
         Tenth/Eleventh/Twelfth Century AD (c AD 1100).
of Llancarfan, Lifris. Vita Sancti Cadoci (Life of Saint Ca(ra)doc/Caradog). late Eleventh Century AD (shortly before AD 1086).
Englyn(n)ion y Beddau/Bedeu (Stanzas/Verses of The Graves), or Beddau Milwyr Ynys Prydain (Graves of Warriors of Isle of Britain);
primarily from Llyfr Du Cærfyrddin (Black Book of Cærmarthen) Tenth/Eleventh/Thirteenth Century AD,
Llyfr Coch Hergest (Red Book of Hergest) c AD 1400, and Llyfr Gwyn Rhydderch (White Book of Rhydderch) c AD 1325.
Vita Sancti Carantoci (Life of Saint Carannog/Carantoc(k)). late Eleventh Century AD (c AD 1100).
Preiddeu Annw(fy)n (Spoils of Annwn), from Llyfr Taliessin (Book of Taliesin). early 14th Century AD, originally Ninth Century AD (c AD 900).
Vita Sancti Euflami (Life of Saint Efflam(m)). c AD 1100.
Vita Sancti Paterni (Life of Saint Padarn/Paternus). late Eleventh Century AD (c AD 1120s).
Legenda Sancti Goeznovii (Legend of Saint Goeznovius). AD 1019 (AD 1186/1226).
The Archivolt/Archivault of the Porta della Pescheria on the Modena Cathedral. AD 1090/1120/1135/1140.
Vita Sancti Iltuti (Life of Saint Illtud). late Eleventh Century AD (AD 1140/1190s).
of Malmesbury, William. Gesta Regum Anglorum, or De Gestis Regum Anglorum ((On) Deeds of Kings of England/(the English),
or (The) Chronicle(s)/History of Kings of England). AD 1125.
Chronicon Montis Sancti Michælis in Periculo Maris (Chronicle of Saint Michæl’s Mount in Danger of Sea). early Twelfth Century AD.
Vita Sancta/Sancti Gurthierni (Life of Saint Gurthi(gi)ern (of Quimperlé)). early Twelfth Century AD.
of Monmouth, Geoffrey. Historia Regum Britanniæ (History of Kings of Britain), or De Gestis Britonum (Of Deeds of Britons). AD 1136/1138/1139.
of Llancarfan, Caradoc. Vita Sancti Gildæ (Life of Saint Gildas). c AD 1130 (mid Twelfth Century AD).
Ymddiddan Myrddin a Thaliesin (Dialogue/Colloquy/Conversation of Merlin and Taliesin),
from Llyfr Du Cærfyrddin (Black Book of Cærmarthen) early/mid Thirteenth Century AD, originally written Eleventh Century AD.
of Monmouth, Geoffrey. Vita Merlini (Life of Merlin). AD 1148 to 1150/1151.
Wace of Jersey, Robert. Roman de Brut (Romance of Brutus, or A History of the British);
or Geste des Bretons (Deeds of the British/Britons/Bretons);
or Brut d’Engleterre (Brutus of England); or Roman des Rois d’Angleterre (Romance of Kings of England). AD 1155.
de Troyes, Chrétien. Lancelot, or Le Chevalier de la Charrete (Lancelot, or The Knight of the Cart). late Twelfth Century AD (c AD 1135).
de Troyes, Chrétien. Érec et Énide (Geraint and Enid). late Twelfth Century AD (c AD 1170).
de Troyes, Chrétien. Cligès (Cliges). late Twelfth Century AD (c AD 1176).
de Troyes, Chrétien. Yvain, or Le Chevalier au Lion (Owain, or The Knight with the Lion). late Twelfth Century AD (AD 1177/1181).
de Troyes, Chrétien. Perceval, or Le Conte del Graal (Perceval, or The Story/Tale of the Grail). late Twelfth Century AD (AD 1176/1180/1190/1191).
Jocelyn(e)/Jocelin, a monk of Furness. Vita Sancti Kentigerni (Life of Saint Kentigern/Mungo). AD 1175/1185/1187/1188/1199/1214.
de Boron, Robert. Merlin. AD 1191/1195/1202/1210.
de Boron, Robert. Joseph d’Arimathie (Joseph of Arimathea),
or Le Roman de l’Estoire dou Graal (Li Romanz de l’Estoire dou Graal) (The Romance of the History of the Grail),
or Le Petit Saint Graal (The Lesser Holy Grail). late Twelfth/early Thirteenth Century AD (AD 1190/1191/1202/1210).
(Historia Peredur, neu) Peredur (fab Efrawg/Efrawc) ((History of Perceval, or) Perceval (son of Ebrauc/Eburac/Ivory)),
mid Thirteenth Century AD (AD 1150).
Trioedd y Meirch ((The) Triads of the Horses), from Llyfr Du Cærfyrddin (Black Book of Cærmarthen). Eleventh/Fourteenth Centuries AD.
Cambrensis, Giraldus (Gerald of Wales). (Liber) de Principis Instructione: Libri III,
or De Instructione Principum (On Instruction of Princes, or Book of Early Instruction: Book Three). c AD 1193/1216.
Yr Oianau (The Greetings, or The Little Pig Stanzas),
from Llyfr Du Cærfyrddin (Black Book of Cærmarthen) early/mid Thirteenth Century AD, originally written after AD 1171.
Culhwch ac Olwen (Culhwch/Kilhwch and Olwen/Olwyn),
from Llyfr Gwyn Rhydderch (White Book of Rhydderch) c AD 1325 and Llyfr Coch Hergest (Red Book of Hergest) c AD 1400.
de Boron, Robert. Mort Artu (Death of Arthur). AD 1208/1209.
Layamon. Brut (Brutus, or The Chronicle of Britain). late Twelfth/mid Thirteenth Century AD (AD 1209/1215).
Vera Historia de Morte Arthuri (True History of Death of Arthur). mid Twelveth/late Thirteenth Century AD.
de Boron, Robert. Didot(-)Perceval, or Romance of Perceval in Prose, or the Prose Perceval. AD 1200/1220/1230.
Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper). AD 1210s/1215/1230.
Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail). AD 1210s/1215/1230.
Vulgate Morte Artu (Death of Arthur). AD 1210s/1215/1230.
Trioedd Ynys Prydein/Prydain (Triads of British Isle, or Welsh Triads), from Llyfr Coch Hergest (Red Book of Hergest).
Eleventh/(late Thirteenth)/Fourteenth Centuries AD.
Le Livre d’Artus (The Book of Arthur). early Thirteenth Century AD.
Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Estoire del Saint Grail (History of the Holy Grail), or L’Estoire de Merlin (The History of Merlin), or Prose Merlin.
early Thirteenth Century AD (AD 1220/1230s/1235).
Vulgate Suite du Merlin (Story of Merlin). AD 1220/1230s/1235.
Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin (Continuation of Merlin, or The Merlin Continuation). AD 1230/1240.
Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail). AD 1230/1240.
Post-Vulgate Mort Artu (Death of Arthur). AD 1230/1240.
Kyuoessi Myrdin aGỽendyd yChỽær, or Cyfoesi Myrddin a Gwenddydd ei Chwær ((The Dialogue Between)/(Conversations of) Myrddin and His Sister Gwenddydd),
from Llyfr Coch Hergest (Red Book of Hergest). late Fourteenth Century AD (AD 1375/1383 to AD 1400/1425), originally composed before AD 1100.
“Murder of Prince Arthur” in Chronicle of Margam Abbey. AD 1200/1299.
(Geraint/)Gereint ac Enid) ((Geraint/)Gereint and Enid). Thirteenth Century AD.
Owain, neu (Chwedyl) Iarlles y Ffynnon/Ffynnawn (Owain, or the (Legendary) Lady of the Fountain). Thirteenth Century AD.
de Gat, Luce and Helie de Boron. Tristan en prose (Prose Tristan). AD 1225-1235, second half of Thirteenth Century AD (AD 1276).
da/de Pisa/Pise, Rustichello/Rusticien/Rusticiano. Roman de/du Roi Artus (Romance of King Arthur, or The Compilation),
later divided into Gyron/Guiron le Courtoys/Court(e)ois (Guiron the Courteous),
and Meliadus (de Leonnoys) (Meliodas (of Lyonesse)). c AD 1298 (Thirteenth Century AD).
Arthour and Merlin (Arthur and Merlin). late Thirteenth Century AD.
Melekh/Melech Artus (King Arthur). AD 1279.
The Avowing of King Arthur, Sir Gawain, Sir Kay, and Baldwin of Britain. Thirteenth/Fourteenth Century AD.
de Langtoft, Pierre/Piers (Peter (of) Langtoft). The Chronicle. c AD 1300/1305.
Short Metrical Chronicle. AD 1307.
Arturs Doet (Arthur’s Death). AD 1322/1323.
Arthur and Gorlagon. early Fourteenth Century AD.
La Tavola Ritonda (The Round Table). AD 1325/1350.
Mannyng (of Brunne), Robert. The Story of England. AD 1338.
d’Ou(t)remeuse/(des Preis), Jean. Ly Myreur des Histors (The Mirror of Histories). c AD 1350.
The Birth of Arthur. Fourteenth Century AD, or earlier.
Stanzaic Le Morte Arthur (The Death of Arthur). Fourteenth Century AD.
Arthur and Kaletvwlch (Arthur and Excalibur). Fourteenth Century AD.
Boccaccio, Giovanni. De Casibus Virorum Illustrium (On Fate of Illustrious Men). AD 1355/1362.
of Fordun, John. Chronica Gentis Scotorum (Chronicle of Scottish People). c AD 1385.
Perceforest (Pierce the Forest). AD 1330/1344.
(The most complete of the four manuscripts known is “Manuscript C”.)
(It was written by David Aubert, c AD 1459/1460; for Duc Philippe de Bourgogne le Bon.)
Alliterative Morte Arthure (Death of Arthur). c AD 1400 (Fourteenth/Fifteenth Century AD).
Le Chevalier du Papegau (The Knight of the Parrot). Fourteenth/Fifteenth Century AD.
The Awntyrs off Arthur(e) at the Terne/Turne Wathelan/Wathelyn(e) (The Adventures of Arthur at the Lake/Tarn Wadling).
late Fourteenth/early Fifteenth Century AD.
Arthur. c AD 1428.
Ain Hupsches Vasnachtspill und Sagt von Künig Artus, Wie er Siben Fursten mit iren Weyben zuo seinem hoff Geladen het und wie si durch ain Horn geschendet worden gar hupsch zuo hören
(A Pleasing Shrovetide Play about King Arthur, How he invited Seven Kings with their Wives to his Court and how they were embarassed by a Horn,
quite pleasant to hear). Fifteenth Century AD.
Pedwar Marchog ar Hugain Llys Arthur (The Twenty-Four Knights of Arthur’s Court). mid Fifteenth Century AD.
Hardyng, John. John Hardyng’s Chronicle. AD 1457/1464.
Malory, Syr Thomas. (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483.
Malory, Sir Thomas. Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur). Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485.
Roundel with King Arthur Riding on a Camel (from a Series of the Nine Heroes). AD 1500/1510.
The Legend of King Arthur. Sixteenth Century AD.
Ymddiddan rhwng Arthur a Gwenhwyfar (Dialogue between Arthur and Gwenhwyfar, or The Dialogue of Arthur and Gwenh(w)yfar);
also known as Ymddiddan Melwas a Gwenhwyfar (Dialogue of Melwas and Gwenh(w)yfer), versions one and two.
Sixteenth Century AD.
Boece (Boethius), Hector. Scotorum Historiæ (History of Scots). AD 1527 (1575).
King Arthur and King Cornwall. Sixteenth Century AD.
King Arthur’s Death. Sixteenth Century AD.
Spenser, Edmund. The Færie Queene. AD 1570/1599.
Camden, William. Britannia. AD 1586.
Hughes, Thomas. The Misfortunes of Arthur. AD 1587.
An Dialog Etre Arzur Roe d’an Bretounet ha Guynglaff
(A/The Dialogue between Arthur, King of the Britons, and Gwenc’hlan/Guynglaff/Guinglaff/Guinclaff).
late Sixteenth/early Seventeenth Century AD (AD 1617/1619).

Astrological Signs Associated with Arthur

Aries — Mars+ — Fire
Scorpio — Mars- — Water
Sagittarius — Jupiter+ — Fire
Leo — Sun+/- — Fire

Geography, Genealogy, and Timeline of Arthur

Geography of Arthur
Genealogy of Arthur
Timeline of Arthur

Guinevere, Lady Queen of Logres

Introduction to Guinevere, Lady Queen of Logres by Rachael Bulla and Edileide Bodenhausen
Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison: Guinevere’s Name, Multiple Guineveres, and Other Similar Queens/Empresses/Goddesses

Introduction to the Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison:
Guinevere’s Name, Multiple Guineveres, and Other Similar Queens/Empresses/Goddesses
Meaning and Origin of the Name Guinevere
Existence of Multiple Guineveres
Comparison of Other Similar Queens/Empresses/Goddesses to Guinevere

Beginnings
1. Introduction to Beginnings
2. Family
3. The Heritage of Guinevere
4. The Character of Guinevere
5. Merlin has predicted Guinevere’s marriage to Arthur
6. Arthur first saw Guinevere
7. When Arthur’s barons insisted he take a wife, Arthur told Merlin
8. Merlin
9. Arthur’s heart was set
10. Finally Merlin went to King Leod(e)g(r)an(ce)/Leodogranz/Leodegranz/Lodegreon
11. King Leod(e)g(r)an(ce)/Leodogranz/Leodegranz/Lodegreon
12. Arthur was already delighted with the gift of the Round Table
13. When Merlin returned from his mission
14. As the knights assembled in Camelot for the wedding of Guinevere and Arthur
15. In Sir Gawayne and the Greene Knight (Sir Gawain and the Green Knight)
16. The Archetypal reasons for rivalry between Guinevere and Morgan le Fay
Major Themes of Infidelity and Abduction

Introduction to Major Themes of Infidelity and Abduction
Infidelity
Abductions
In many texts, these themes are intertwined with Guinevere’s rescuer becoming her lover (but not always)

Adulthood

Leod(e)g(r)an(ce)’s enemies conspired to replace the true Guinevere
Guinevere as Wife of King Arthur
Guinevere forms her own body of knights called the Queen’s Knights
After Lancelot ends Arthur’s war with Galehaut/Galeholt
Some Saxons invade Britain and Arthur opposes them at Saxon Rock
Guinevere and Lancelot
Guinevere and the Poisoned Apple
Shortly after the Poisoned Apple incident
Years later, Guinevere the False formed an alliance
When Arthur prepared to go and meet the five invading kings

Endings

Guinevere’s adultery
Malory records
While Arthur was fighting the Roman war (or besieging Lancelot in France)
News of Mordred’s/Medrawt’s treachery reached Arthur
Giving chase
The forces gathered at Camlann for the fatal last encounter
Nunnery
Lancelot landed within the month at Dover
Taking his leave of Guinevere
Many years later
In AD 1191

Guinevere’s Association with Related Physical Objects/Locations

Guinevere’s Grave
Guinevere’s Monument

Occurrences of “Guinevere” (by various names and descriptions) in Related “Literature”

The Archivolt/Archivault of the Porta della Pescheria on the Modena Cathedral. AD 1090/1120/1135/1140.
of Monmouth, Geoffrey. Historia Regum Britanniæ (History of Kings of Britain), or De Gestis Britonum (Of Deeds of Britons). AD 1136/1138/1139.
of Llancarfan, Caradoc. Vita Sancti Gildæ (Life of Saint Gildas). c AD 1130 (mid Twelfth Century AD).
de Troyes, Chrétien. Lancelot, or Le Chevalier de la Charrete (Lancelot, or The Knight of the Cart). late Twelfth Century AD (c AD 1135).
de Troyes, Chrétien. Érec et Énide (Geraint and Enid). late Twelfth Century AD (c AD 1170).
La Folie Tristan de Berne (The Madness of Tristan). late Twelfth Century AD.
von Eschenbach, Wolfram. Parzival (Perceval). late Twelfth/early Thirteenth Century AD (AD 1200/1210).
Culhwch ac Olwen (Culhwch/Kilhwch and Olwen/Olwyn),
from Llyfr Gwyn Rhydderch (White Book of Rhydderch) c AD 1325 and Llyfr Coch Hergest (Red Book of Hergest) c AD 1400.
Perlesvaus, or Le/Li Hauz Livre(s) du Graal (The High Book(s)/History of the Grail).
early Thirteenth Century AD (AD 1192/1205/1220/1225).
Layamon. Brut (Brutus, or The Chronicle of Britain). late Twelfth/mid Thirteenth Century AD (AD 1209/1215).
von Zatzikhoven, Ulrich. Lanzelet (Lanzalet in French and Spanish; Lancelot in English). early Thirteenth Century AD (c AD 1200).
Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper). AD 1210s/1215/1230.
Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail). AD 1210s/1215/1230.
Vulgate Morte Artu (Death of Arthur). AD 1210s/1215/1230.
Le Livre d’Artus (The Book of Arthur). early Thirteenth Century AD.
Vulgate Suite du Merlin (Story of Merlin). AD 1220/1230s/1235.
Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail). AD 1230/1240.
Post-Vulgate Mort Artu (Death of Arthur). AD 1230/1240.
de Gat, Luce and Helie de Boron. Tristan en prose (Prose Tristan). AD 1225-1235, second half of Thirteenth Century AD (AD 1276).
De Ortu Walu(u)an(n)ii(i) Nepotis Arturi (Of Rise of Gawain, Nephew of Arthur). late Thirteenth Century AD.
La Tavola Ritonda (The Round Table). AD 1325/1350.
d’Ou(t)remeuse/(des Preis), Jean. Ly Myreur des Histors (The Mirror of Histories). c AD 1350.
Stanzaic Le Morte Arthur (The Death of Arthur). Fourteenth Century AD.
Chestre, Thomas. Sir Launfal. late Fourteenth Century AD.
The Awntyrs off Arthur(e) at the Terne/Turne Wathelan/Wathelyn(e) (The Adventures of Arthur at the Lake/Tarn Wadling).
late Fourteenth/early Fifteenth Century AD.
Malory, Syr Thomas. (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483.
Malory, Sir Thomas. Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur). Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485.
King Arthur and King Cornwall. Sixteenth Century AD.
Boece (Boethius), Hector. Scotorum Historiæ (History of Scots). AD 1527 (1575).
Ymddiddan rhwng Arthur a Gwenhwyfar (Dialogue between Arthur and Gwenhwyfar, or The Dialogue of Arthur and Gwenh(w)yfar);
also known as Ymddiddan Melwas a Gwenhwyfar (Dialogue of Melwas and Gwenh(w)yfer), versions one and two. Sixteenth Century AD.
Hughes, Thomas. The Misfortunes of Arthur. AD 1587.

Astrological Signs Associated with Guinevere

Scorpio — Mars- — Water
Virgo — Mercury- — Earth
Cancer — Moon-/+ — Water
Taurus — Venus- — Earth
Libra — Venus+ — Air

Geography, Genealogy, and Timeline of Guinevere

Geography of Guinevere
Genealogy of Guinevere
Timeline of Guinevere

The Quest Stories of Sir Perceval, Sir Galahad, and the Holy Grail

Introduction to The Quest Stories of Sir Perceval, Sir Galahad, and the Holy Grail
Sir Perceval and Sir Galahad, Quest Knights of Logres

Introduction to Sir Perceval and Sir Galahad, Quest Knights of Logres by Anastasija Ropa and ?
Sir Perceval, Quest Knight of Logres

Introduction to Sir Perceval, Quest Knight of Logres
Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison: Perceval’s Name, Other Percevals, and Other (Wise Fools)/Knights/Warriors/Rescuers/Samaritans
Beginnings
Adulthood — Knight of the Round Table
Endings
Occurrences of “Perceval” (by various names and descriptions) in Related “Literature”
Astrological Signs Associated with Perceval
Geography, Genealogy, and Timeline of Perceval

Sir Galahad, Quest Knight of Logres

Introduction to Sir Galahad, Quest Knight of Logres
Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison: Galahad’s Name, Other Galahads, and Another Pure Knight/Warrior/Rescuer/Hero
Beginnings
Adulthood — Quest for the Holy Grail
Ending — Ascension to Heaven
Occurrences of “Galahad” (by various names and descriptions) in Related “Literature”
Astrological Signs Associated with Galahad
Geography, Genealogy, and Timeline of Galahad

The Holy Grail, Quest of Logres

Introduction to The Holy Grail, Quest of Logres by John Matthews and Katie Anderson
Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison:
the Name “Grail”, Multiple “Grails”, and Other Sacred/Mystical Objects

Introduction to the Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison:
the Name “Grail”, Multiple “Grails”, and Other Sacred/Mystical Objects
Meaning and Origin of the Name “Grail”
Existence of Multiple “Grails”
Comparison of Other Sacred/Mystical Objects to “Grail”

“Grail” in Literature

Introduction to The “Grail” in Literature
Earliest Reference(s) in Literature
Grail’s history in the time of Joseph of Arimathea
King Arthur’s Knights visiting the Grail Castle — Questing after the Grail

The Grail Kingdom, Castle, Family, and Heroes/Knights/Princes

Introduction to The Grail Kingdom, Castle, Family, and Heroes/Knights/Princes
The Grail Kingdom
The Grail Castle
The Grail Family
The Grail Heroes/Knights/Princes

The Grail Chapel/Church, Processions, Maidens/Virgins/Ladies/Matrons/Princesses/(bearers), and Questions

Introduction to The Grail Chapel/Church, Processions, Maidens/Virgins/Ladies/Matrons/Princesses/(bearers), and Questions
The Grail Chapel/Church
The Grail Processions
The Grail Maidens/Virgins/Ladies/Matrons/Princesses/(bearers)
The Grail Questions

Folklore Forms and Motifs related to “Grails”

Introduction to Folklore Forms and Motifs related to “Grails”
Forms related to “Grails”
Motif Categories related to “Grails”

The Grail as Deity — “A Cup of God”

Introduction to The Grail as Deity — “A Cup of God”
Service
Judgement

Occurrences of “Grail” (by various names and descriptions) in Related “Literature”

Preiddeu Annw(fy)n (Spoils of Annwn), from Llyfr Taliessin (Book of Taliesin). early 14th Century AD, originally Ninth Century AD (c AD 900).
de Berbezilh/Berbezill(o)/Barbesiu/Barbezieux, Rigaut/Rigaud(us)/Richart(z). Atressi con Persavaus (Atressi with Perceval). AD 1140/1163.
de Troyes, Chrétien. Perceval, or Le Conte del Graal (Perceval, or The Story/Tale of the Grail). late Twelfth Century AD (AD 1176/1180/1190/1191).
of Denain, Wauchier (Gauchier of Donaing). First Continuation of Chrétien’s Perceval. AD 1195/1200.
de Boron, Robert. Merlin. AD 1191/1195/1202/1210.
de Boron, Robert. Joseph d’Arimathie (Joseph of Arimathea),
or Le Roman de l’Estoire dou Graal (Li Romanz de l’Estoire dou Graal) (The Romance of the History of the Grail),
or Le Petit Saint Graal (The Lesser Holy Grail). late Twelfth/early Thirteenth Century AD (AD 1190/1191/1202/1210).
of Donaing, Gauchier (Wauchier of Denain). Second Continuation of Chrétien’s Perceval. c AD 1200.
Y Seint Greal (The Holy Grail). c AD 1200.
(Historia Peredur, neu) Peredur (fab Efrawg/Efrawc) ((History of Perceval, or) Perceval (son of Ebrauc/Eburac/Ivory)).
mid Thirteenth Century AD (AD 1150).
von Eschenbach, Wolfram. Parzival (Perceval). late Twelfth/early Thirteenth Century AD (AD 1200/1210).
Culhwch ac Olwen (Culhwch/Kilhwch and Olwen/Olwyn),
from Llyfr Gwyn Rhydderch (White Book of Rhydderch) c AD 1325 and Llyfr Coch Hergest (Red Book of Hergest) c AD 1400.
Perlesvaus, or Le/Li Hauz Livre(s) du Graal (The High Book(s)/History of the Grail).
early Thirteenth Century AD (AD 1192/1205/1220/1225).
de Boron, Robert. Didot(-)Perceval, or Romance of Perceval in Prose, or the Prose Perceval. AD 1200/1220/1230.
de/of Froidmont (Frigidimontis), Helinando (Héli(-n)and(us)). Chronicon (Chronicle). AD 1211/1223.
Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail). AD 1210s/1215/1230.
Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper). AD 1210s/1215/1230.
von dem Türlin, Heinrich. Diu Crône (The (Bejewelled) Crown). AD 1224/1230.
Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Estoire del Saint Grail (History of the Holy Grail), or L’Estoire de Merlin (The History of Merlin), or Prose Merlin.
early Thirteenth Century AD (AD 1220/1230s/1235).
Manessier. Third Continuation of Chrétien’s Perceval. c AD 1230.
de Montreuil, Gerbert/Gilbert. Fourth Continuation of Chrétien’s Perceval. c AD 1230.
Vulgate Suite du Merlin (Story of Merlin). AD 1220/1230s/1235.
Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin (Continuation of Merlin, or The Merlin Continuation). AD 1230/1240.
Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail). AD 1230/1240.
van Mærlant, Jacob. Historie van den Grale (History of the Grail). c AD 1261.
von Scharfenberg, Albrecht. Der Jüngere(r)/Jungerer Titurel (The Younger Titurel). c AD 1270s (c AD 1260/1272/1275).
(De) Sone de Nancy/Nansey/Nansay/Nansai/Nausay (Sueno of/from Nanbsheim). Thirteenth Century AD (AD 1267/1270/1280).
A Demanda do Santo/Santa Graal (The Demand/Quest of the Holy Grail). late Thirteenth(/early Fourteenth) Century AD.
Queeste vanden Grale (Quest of/for the Grail). AD 1322/1323.
Perceforest (Pierce the Forest). AD 1330/1344.
(The most complete of the four manuscripts known is “Manuscript C”.)
(It was written by David Aubert, c AD 1459/1460; for Duc Philippe de Bourgogne le Bon.)
De Sancto Joseph ab Arimathia (Of Saint Joseph of Arimathea).
written AD 1350/1375, as Joseph of Arimathie (Joseph of Arimathea).
printed AD 1516, as De Sancto Joseph ab Arimathia.
Lovelich, Henry. History of the Holy Grail. c AD 1450.
Malory, Syr Thomas. (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483.
Malory, Sir Thomas. Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur). Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485.
Here Begynneth the Lyfe of Ioseph of Armathia with a Praysing to Ioseph (Here Begins the Life of Joseph of Arimathea with a Praising to Joseph). AD 1502/AD 1520.
La Demanda del San(c)to Grial (The Demand/Quest of the Holy Grail). AD 1515/1535.
The Lyfe of Joseph of Armathy (The Life of Joseph of Arimathea). Sixteenth Century AD (c AD 1520).

Astrological Sign Associated with The Grail - Pisces — Jupiter- — Water

Pisces
Jupiter-
Water

Geography, Genealogy, and Timeline of the Grail

Geography of the Grail
Genealogy of the Grail
Timeline of the Grail

Prophets and Adventures

Introduction to Prophets and Adventures
The Prophet Story of Merlin, Morgan le Fay, Mordred, and Dwellers in Avalon

Introduction to The Prophet Story of Merlin, Morgan le Fay, Mordred, and Dwellers in Avalon
Merlin, Prophet and Wizard of Logres

Introduction to Merlin, Prophet and Wizard of Logres by Huathe Fearn and Sonya R Jensen
Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison: Merlin’s Name, Multiple Merlins, and Other Similar Alchemists/Visionaries/Guides/Gods

Introduction to the Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison:
Merlin’s Name, Multiple Merlins, and Other Similar Alchemists/Visionaries/Guides/Gods
Meaning and Origin of Merlin’s Name
Existence of Multiple Merlins
Comparison of Merlin to Other Similar Alchemists/Visionaries/Guides/Gods

Beginnings

Family
Historical Context
Conception and Birth
Childhood — Innocent Prophetic Youth
Adolescence of Merlin

Adulthood — Wizard: Hermit/(Wise Elder) and the Great Necromancer

Introduction to Adulthood — Wizard: Hermit/(Wise Elder) and the Great Necromancer
Hermit/(Wise Elder)
The Great Necromancer
Merlin and Tristan

Endings — Madman/(Wild Man)/Lailoken/Lailocen/Laloecen/Llallogan; and Merlin’s Retirement/Death/Imprisonment, “Burial”, and Haunting(s)

Introduction to Endings
Madman/(Wild Man)/Lailoken/Lailocen/Laloecen/Llallogan/Llallawg/(llallog)
Merlin’s Retirement/Death/Imprisonment, “Burial”, and Haunting(s)

Merlin’s Association with Related Physical Objects/Locations

Merlin’s Bridge and Brook
Merlin’s Cave
Merlin’s Grave(/Tomb)
Merlin’s Grove (Carmarthen)
Merlin’s Hill (Carmarthen)
Merlin’s Mount (Marlborough)
Merlin’s Rock (Mousehole)
Merlin’s Stone
Merlin’s Tree (Carmarthen)
Myrddin’s/Merlin’s Quoit (Carmarthen)

Occurrences of “Merlin” (by various names and descriptions) in Related “Literature”

(A)neirin/Aneurin of the Votadini. Y Guotoðin (The Gododdin: The Votadini),
in Llyfr Aneirin/Aneurin (Book of Aneirin/Aneurin). Sixth/Seventh/Ninth/Tenth Centuries AD (c AD 600).
(pseudo-)Nennius/Nemnuuis/Ninnius/Nemnius. Historia Brittonum (History of Britons). late Eighth/early Ninth Century AD (AD 828/829/830).
Immram Curaig (Maíl(e )Duin)/Maíldúin, or Immram(m) Curaig Mælduin Inso,
or Immram Mæle Dúin (The Voyage of Mæl Duin’s Boat), or (Voyage of Máel Dúin),
mainly from Lebor na hUidre and the Yellow Book of Lecan. Eleventh Century AD (as early as Eighth Century AD).
Annales Cambriæ (Annals of Wales). Ninth/Tenth Century AD (AD 950/960/970/980).
of Malmesbury, William. Gesta Regum Anglorum, or De Gestis Regum Anglorum
((On) Deeds of Kings of England/(the English), or (The) Chronicle(s)/History of Kings of England). AD 1125.
of Monmouth, Geoffrey. Prophetiæ/Libellus Merlini (Prophecies/Prophecy/Petition of Merlin). AD 1133.
of Monmouth, Geoffrey. Historia Regum Britanniæ (History of Kings of Britain), or De Gestis Britonum (Of Deeds of Britons). AD 1136/1138/1139.
of Llancarfan, Caradoc. Vita Sancti Gildæ (Life of Saint Gildas). c AD 1130 (mid Twelfth Century AD).
Ymddiddan Myrddin a Thaliesin (Dialogue/Colloquy/Conversation of Merlin and Taliesin),
from Llyfr Du Cærfyrddin (Black Book of Cærmarthen) early/mid Thirteenth Century AD, originally written Eleventh Century AD.
of Monmouth, Geoffrey. Vita Merlini (Life of Merlin). AD 1148 to 1150/1151.
Vita Merlini Silvestris (Life of Merlin of Forest). Twelfth Century AD.
Wace of Jersey, Robert. Roman de Brut (Romance of Brutus, or A History of the British);
or Geste des Bretons (Deeds of the British/Britons/Bretons);
or Brut d’Engleterre (Brutus of England); or Roman des Rois d’Angleterre (Romance of Kings of England). AD 1155.
de Boron, Robert. Merlin. AD 1191/1195/1202/1210.
de Boron, Robert. Joseph d’Arimathie (Joseph of Arimathea),
or Le Roman de l’Estoire dou Graal (Li Romanz de l’Estoire dou Graal) (The Romance of the History of the Grail),
or Le Petit Saint Graal (The Lesser Holy Grail). late Twelfth/early Thirteenth Century AD (AD 1190/1191/1202/1210).
of Lisle, Alain (Bishop Bernardine of Auxerre). Commentary on the Prophecies of Merlin. Twelfth/Thirteenth Century AD.
Renart/Renaut, Jehan/Jean. (Roman de) l’Escoufle ((Romance of) the Kite). late Twelfth/early Thirteenth Century AD.
Cambrensis, Giraldus (Gerald of Wales). (Liber) de Principis Instructione: Libri III,
or De Instructione Principum (On Instruction of Princes, or Book of Early Instruction: Book Three). c AD 1193/1216.
Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper). AD 1210s/1215/1230.
Le Livre d’Artus (The Book of Arthur). early Thirteenth Century AD.
Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Estoire del Saint Grail (History of the Holy Grail), or L’Estoire de Merlin (The History of Merlin), or Prose Merlin.
early Thirteenth Century AD (AD 1220/1230s/1235).
Vulgate Suite du Merlin (Story of Merlin). AD 1220/1230s/1235.
Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin (Continuation of Merlin, or The Merlin Continuation). AD 1230/1240.
Kyuoessi Myrdin aGỽendyd yChỽær, or Cyfoesi Myrddin a Gwenddydd ei Chwær ((The Dialogue Between)/(Conversations of) Myrddin and His Sister Gwenddydd),
from Llyfr Coch Hergest (Red Book of Hergest). late Fourteenth Century AD (AD 1375/1383 to AD 1400/1425), originally composed before AD 1100.
Bristol Merlin fragments. Thirteenth Century AD.
de Cornuälle (of Cornwall), Maistres (Master) Heldris. Le Roman de Silence (The Romance of Silence),
or L’Estoire de A(ve)nable (The Story of Grisandole(s), otherwise known as Silence). Thirteenth Century AD.
van Mærlant, Jacob. Boec van Merline (Book of Merlin). c AD 1261.
von Scharfenberg, Albrecht. Merlin. c AD 1270s.
d’Irlande, Richart. Les Prophecies de Merlin. (The Prophecies of Merlin). AD 1272/1279.
Arthour and Merlin (Arthur and Merlin). late Thirteenth Century AD.
Pieri, Paolino. La Storia di Merlino (The Story of Merlin). c AD 1300/1305.
Gỽasgargerd/Gwasgargerdd Vyrdin/Fyrddin yn y bed(d) (A Fugitive Poem of Merlin in His Grave, or The Song Uttered by Merlin in the Grave),
in Llyfr Coch Hergest (Red Book of Hergest). before AD 1382.
Perceforest (Pierce the Forest). AD 1330/1344.
(The most complete of the four manuscripts known is “Manuscript C”.)
(It was written by David Aubert, c AD 1459/1460; for Duc Philippe de Bourgogne le Bon.)
Bath manuscript of “Merlyn”. AD 1420s.
Lovelich, Henry. Merlin. c AD 1450.
Prose Merlin. mid Fifteenth Century AD (AD 1450/1460).
Malory, Syr Thomas. (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483.
Quando Tristano e Lancielotto al Petrone di Merlino (When Tristan and Lancelot fought at a Stone of Merlin). late Fifteenth Century AD.
Vita di Merlino con le Sue Profetie (The Life of Merlin, with His Prophecies). c AD 1480.
Malory, Sir Thomas. Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur). Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485.
Historie van Merlijn (History of Merlin). c AD 1540.
Gruffudd, Ellis. Ystoria Myrddin Wyllt (The Story of Merlin the Mad), from The Chronicle of Elis Gruffudd. Sixteenth Century AD.
Spenser, Edmund. The Færie Queene. AD 1570/1599.
Strozzi, Giulio. Venetia Edificata (Venice Edified). AD 1624.

Astrological Signs Associated with Merlin

Gemini — Mercury+ — Air
Sagittarius — Jupiter+ — Fire

Geography, Genealogy, and Timeline of Merlin

Geography of Merlin
Genealogy of Merlin
Timeline of Merlin

Morgan le Fay, Mordred, and Dwellers in Avalon: Dark Mysteries of Logres

Introduction to Morgan le Fay, Mordred, and Dwellers in Avalon: Dark Mysteries of Logres by Damir Kahrić and Helen Benigni
Morgan le Fay, one of The Dark Mysteries of Logres

Introduction to Morgan le Fay, one of the Dark Mysteries of Logres
Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison: Morgan le Fay’s Name, Multiple “Morgans”, and Other Similar Queens/Empresses/Goddesses
Beginnings
Birth, Childhood, and Adolescence
Adulthood
Endings
Occurrences of “Morgan” (by various names and descriptions) in Related “Literature”
Astrological Signs Associated with Morgan le Fay
Geography, Genealogy, and Timeline of Morgan le Fay

Mordred, one of The Dark Mysteries of Logres

Introduction to Mordred, one of the Dark Mysteries of Logres
Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison:
Mordred’s Name, Multiple Mordreds, and Other Tricksters/(Anti)Heroes/Knights/Warriors/Rescuers/Gods
Beginnings
Knighthood
Camelot and Conflict
Endings
Occurrences of “Mordred” (by various names and descriptions) in Related “Literature”
Astrological Signs Associated with Mordred
Geography, Genealogy, and Timeline of Mordred

Dwellers in Avalon, one of The Dark Mysteries of Logres

Introduction to Dwellers in Avalon, one of the Dark Mysteries of Logres
Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison: The Name of Avalon, Multiple Avalons, and Other Legendary Islands and Idyllic Locations
Beginnings
Events in Avalon
Occurrences of “Avalon” (by various names and descriptions) in Related “Literature”
Astrological Sign Associated with Avalon - Virgo — Mercury- — Earth
Geography, Genealogy, and Timeline of Avalon

The Adventure Story of Gawain, The Round Table, and True Knights of Logres

Introduction to The Adventure Story of Gawain, The Round Table, and True Knights of Logres
Sir Gawain, Bravest Knight of The Five-Pointed Star of Logres

Introduction to Sir Gawain, Bravest Knight of The Five-Pointed Star of Logres by Virginia Chandler and Paul McLerran
Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison: Gawain’s Name, Other Gawains, and Other Similar Knights/Warriors/Rescuers/Heroes/Gods

Introduction to Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison:
Gawain’s Name, Other Gawains, and Other Similar Knights/Warriors/Rescuers/Heroes/Gods
Meaning and Origin of Gawain’s Name
Existence of Other Gawains
Comparison of Other Similar Knights/Warriors/Rescuers/Heroes/Gods to Gawain

Beginnings

Introduction to Beginnings
Dual Characteristics
Family, and other Associations
Conception
Birth
Childhood and Adolescence

Adulthood

Introduction to Adulthood
Three Gawain stories describing his first meeting with Arthur
Gawain had become one of Arthur’s warriors
The Shield of Sir Gawain and its Red (gules) background on which is placed a Gold (or) Pentangle
The Shield of Sir Gawain and its Red (gules) background on which is placed a Gold (or) Single-Headed Eagle
The Shield of Sir Gawain and its Purple (purpure) background on which is placed a Gold (or) Single-Headed Eagle — The Colour Inverse of Lamorak’s Shield
The Shield of Sir Gawain and its Purple (purpure) background on which is placed a Gold (or) Double-Headed Eagle with Blue (azure) Beak, Talons, and Feet
The Shield of Sir Gawain and its Silver (argent) background on which is placed a Red (gules) Canton (upper left quarter)
The Shield of Sir Gawain and its Blue (azure) background on which is placed a Red (gules) Griffon (Gryphon, Griffin) with Gold (or) feet
The Shield of Sir Gawain and its Blue (azure) background on which is placed an Upright Sword above which is placed a Gold (or) Banner on which is placed Three Red (gules) Circles [fictionalised shield]
The Shield of Sir Gawain and its Gold (or) background on which is placed a Centred Silver (argent) Scalloped Banner on which is placed Two Upright Green (vert) Hearts [Tintagel Parish Council version from 1936]
The Eight Shields of Sir Gawain — Common Colours:
Gawain in early romance
Gawain was well formed
Gawain has superior medical and herbal knowledge
There is a flashback glimpse of him acting as judge or magistrate
The poor love him for his generosity
Gawain goes to Escavalon
In Perceval, Gawain endures the vicious tongue of the Lady Org(u)el(le)us(e) of Logres
As early as Chrétien’s pages, Gawain’s great charger Gringolet is present
In later stories, Gawain is less likable
After Arthur has pacified Britain
In Chrétien’s Lancelot
Chrétien’s last and unfinished romance, Perceval
On the cathedral archivolt/archivault in Modena, Italy (c AD 1135)
In Chrétien de Troyes’ romance, Cligès
In a tournament
Gawain rescues a maiden from Menealf
He avenges the murder of a knight
Gawain rescues a maiden kidnapped by Escanor le Beau
In Les Merveilles de Rigomer (The Marvels of Rigomer)
Once Gawain fought Gareth unknowingly
In Roman van Walewein (Romance of Gawain), Gawain embarks on multiple interlocking quests
Malory seems to insinuate that Gawain was accessory to Gaheris’ murder of their mother
Gawain was with his brothers Agravain(e), Gaheris, and Mordred
Gawain ruled Galloway, which was apparently named after him
He defeats Lord Galleron of Galloway in a battle before Arthur
The Beheading Game in Sir Gawayne and the Greene Knight
In the Vulgate
At the time of Galahad’s arrival in Camelot
Shortly afterward, Gawain is the first to
In the Post-Vulgate
Gawain rather quickly tires of the Quest (due somewhat to very bad fortune)
Afterwards, Arthur chastises Gawain for having killed so many knights during a holy quest
As presented in Diu Crône (The Crown) by Heinrich von dem Türlin
Sir Gawain had a custom that he used daily at dinner and at supper
Gawain gets into his usual scrapes over women
When Arthur banished Gawain’s favourite cousin, Ywain(e)
After about a year

Endings

Introduction to Endings
Gawain remains neutral during the discovery of Lancelot’s affair with Guinevere
Gawain’s fury forces Arthur into a war with Lancelot
Gawain refused any compromise, surrender, or apology from Lancelot
Gawain would continually challenge Lancelot to single combat
Finally, in Benoic/Benwick
In Arthur’s continental campaign to prepare for war against Rome
The Romans attack Arthur while he is in France
Gawain’s head wound
Arthur’s army returns to Britain to deal with Mordred’s treachery
Gawain, on his deathbed, relents and says,
In Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur
Gawain perishes of his wound a few days later
Gawain’s grave was discovered in Pembroke in Wales
Gawain’s grave was also discovered at Ros
At Dover Castle
In any case, Gawain is buried in a tomb with his brother Gaheris
Gawain’s ghost appeared to Arthur
In the dream, Gawain warned Arthur

Occurrences of “Gawain” (by various names and descriptions) in Related “Literature”

Fled Bricrenn/Bricrend (Bric(c)riu’s Feast), in Lebor na hUidre (Book of the Dun Cow).
Twelfth Century AD (c AD 1106), originally Eighth Century AD.
Englyn(n)ion y Beddau/Bedeu (Stanzas/Verses of The Graves), or Beddau Milwyr Ynys Prydain (Graves of Warriors of Isle of Britain);
primarily from Llyfr Du Cærfyrddin (Black Book of Cærmarthen) Tenth/Eleventh/Thirteenth Century AD,
Llyfr Coch Hergest (Red Book of Hergest) c AD 1400, and Llyfr Gwyn Rhydderch (White Book of Rhydderch) c AD 1325.
The Archivolt/Archivault of the Porta della Pescheria on the Modena Cathedral. AD 1090/1120/1135/1140.
of Malmesbury, William. Gesta Regum Anglorum, or De Gestis Regum Anglorum ((On) Deeds of Kings of England/(the English),
or (The) Chronicle(s)/History of Kings of England). AD 1125.
of Monmouth, Geoffrey. Historia Regum Britanniæ (History of Kings of Britain), or De Gestis Britonum (Of Deeds of Britons). AD 1136/1138/1139.
Wace of Jersey, Robert. Roman de Brut (Romance of Brutus, or A History of the British);
or Geste des Bretons (Deeds of the British/Britons/Bretons);
or Brut d’Engleterre (Brutus of England); or Roman des Rois d’Angleterre (Romance of Kings of England). AD 1155.
de Troyes, Chrétien. Lancelot, or Le Chevalier de la Charrete (Lancelot, or The Knight of the Cart). late Twelfth Century AD (c AD 1135).
de Troyes, Chrétien. Érec et Énide (Geraint and Enid). late Twelfth Century AD (c AD 1170).
de Troyes, Chrétien. Cligès (Cliges). late Twelfth Century AD (c AD 1176).
de Troyes, Chrétien. Yvain, or Le Chevalier au Lion (Owain, or The Knight with the Lion). late Twelfth Century AD (AD 1177/1181).
de Troyes, Chrétien. Perceval, or Le Conte del Graal (Perceval, or The Story/Tale of the Grail). late Twelfth Century AD (AD 1176/1180/1190/1191).
of Denain, Wauchier (Gauchier of Donaing). First Continuation of Chrétien’s Perceval. AD 1195/1200.
de Maisières, Païen/Pagan. La Demoiselle/Damoisele à la Mule (The Lady has the Mule),
or La Mule sans/sanz Frein/Frain (The Mule without a Bridle). late Twelfth/early Thirteenth Century AD.
de Houdenc/Houdan, Raoul. La Vengeance Raguidel (The Avenging of Raguidel). late Twelfth/early Thirteenth Century AD.
von Eschenbach, Wolfram. Parzival (Perceval). late Twelfth/early Thirteenth Century AD (AD 1200/1210).
Le Chevalier à L’Épée (The Knight with/of the Sword). (late Twelfth Century AD)/(early Thirteenth Century AD) (AD 1210).
Culhwch ac Olwen (Culhwch/Kilhwch and Olwen/Olwyn),
from Llyfr Gwyn Rhydderch (White Book of Rhydderch) c AD 1325 and Llyfr Coch Hergest (Red Book of Hergest) c AD 1400.
Perlesvaus, or Le/Li Hauz Livre(s) du Graal (The High Book(s)/History of the Grail).
early Thirteenth Century AD (AD 1192/1205/1220/1225).
Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper). AD 1210s/1215/1230.
Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail). AD 1210s/1215/1230.
Vulgate Morte Artu (Death of Arthur). AD 1210s/1215/1230.
von Grafenberg/Gravenberg/Gravenberch, Wirnt. Wigalois/Wizalois (Guinglain). early Thirteenth Century AD.
Le Livre d’Artus (The Book of Arthur). early Thirteenth Century AD.
Trioedd Ynys Prydein/Prydain (Triads of British Isle, or Welsh Triads), from Llyfr Coch Hergest (Red Book of Hergest).
Eleventh/(late Thirteenth)/Fourteenth Centuries AD.
Bonedd/Bonhed y Saint/Seint (Descent of the Saints), or Achau Saint Ynys Prydain
(Genealogy of the Saints, or Pedigrees of the Saints (of the Isle of Britain)),
or Bonedd yr Arwyr (Nobility of Heroes). early 13th Century AD.
Les Enfances Gauvain (The Youth of Gawain). early Thirteenth Century AD.
von dem Türlin, Heinrich. Diu Crône (The (Bejewelled) Crown). AD 1224/1230.
Vulgate/Post-Vulgate Estoire del Saint Grail (History of the Holy Grail), or L’Estoire de Merlin (The History of Merlin), or Prose Merlin.
early Thirteenth Century AD (AD 1220/1230s/1235).
Vulgate Suite du Merlin (Story of Merlin). AD 1220/1230s/1235.
Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin (Continuation of Merlin, or The Merlin Continuation). AD 1230/1240.
(L’Âtre Périlleux)/(L’âtre périlleux)/(L’atre perillous) (The Perilous Cemetery). mid Thirteenth Century AD (c AD 1250).
de Gat, Luce and Helie de Boron. Tristan en prose (Prose Tristan). AD 1225-1235, second half of Thirteenth Century AD (AD 1276).
Der Pleier (The Caregiver). Garel von dem blühenden Tal (Garel of the Blossoming/Flowering Valley). AD 1240/1270.
de Blois, Robert. Beaudous, or (Roman de) Biaus( )dous ((Romance of) Fair Unknown; or literally, Handsome Sweet, or Soft Bias).
mid/late Thirteenth Century AD.
Jehan. Les Merveilles de Rigomer (The Marvels of Rigomer). mid/late Thirteenth Century AD.
Wal(e)wein ende Keye/Keie (Gawain and Kay). mid/late Thirteenth Century AD (AD 1263/1264).
Historia Meriadoci, Regis Cambrie (Story of Meriadoc, King of Cambria/Wales). late Thirteenth Century AD.
De Ortu Walu(u)an(n)ii(i), Nepotis Arturi (Of Rise of Gawain, Nephew of Arthur). late Thirteenth Century AD.
Vostært, Pieter, and Penninc. Roman van Wal(e)wein (Romance of Gawain). mid/late Thirteenth Century AD/early Fourteenth Century AD.
The Avowing of King Arthur, Sir Gawain, Sir Kay, and Baldwin of Britain. Thirteenth/Fourteenth Century AD.
Ywain and Gawain (Owain and Gawain). AD 1310/1340.
The Birth of Arthur. Fourteenth Century AD, or earlier.
Stanzaic Le Morte Arthur (The Death of Arthur). Fourteenth Century AD.
Sir Gawayne and the Greene Knight (Sir Gawain and the Green Knight). Fourteenth Century AD (c AD 1400).
Perceforest (Pierce the Forest). AD 1330/1344.
(The most complete of the four manuscripts known is “Manuscript C”.)
(It was written by David Aubert, c AD 1459/1460; for Duc Philippe de Bourgogne le Bon.)
Syre Gawene and the Carle of Carlyle (Sir Gawain and the Carl/Churl of Carlisle). c AD 1400.
Alliterative Morte Arthure (Death of Arthur). c AD 1400 (Fourteenth/Fifteenth Century AD).
The Awntyrs off Arthur(e) at the Terne/Turne Wathelan/Wathelyn(e) (The Adventures of Arthur at the Lake/Tarn Wadling).
late Fourteenth/early Fifteenth Century AD.
Malory, Sir Thomas. The Weddyng(e) of Syr Gawen and Dame Ragnell (The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnell). Fifteenth Century AD (c AD 1450).
The Marriage of Sir Gawain(e). Fifteenth Century AD.
Malory, Syr Thomas. (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483.
Golagros and Gawain. late Fifteenth Century AD.
The Jeaste of Syr Gawayne (The Geste of Sir Gawain). late Fifteenth Century AD.
Malory, Sir Thomas. Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur). Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485.
The Turke and Gowin (The Churl and Gawain). c AD 1500.
The Grene Knight (The Green Knight). c AD 1500.
King Arthur and King Cornwall. Sixteenth Century AD.
Hughes, Thomas. The Misfortunes of Arthur. AD 1587.

Astrological Signs Associated with Gawain

Aquarius — Saturn+ — Air
Gemini — Mercury+ — Air
Taurus — Venus- — Earth
Aries — Mars+ — Fire
Leo — Sun+/- — Fire

Geography, Genealogy, and Timeline of Gawain

Geography of Gawain
Genealogy of Gawain
Timeline of Gawain

The Round Table, True Knights of Logres

Introduction to The Round Table, True Knights of Logres by ? and Ivan Grabar
The Round Table

Introduction to The Round Table
Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison: The Name Round Table, Other Round Tables, and Other Fellowships and Rings
Beginnings
Mediaeval Developments
Endings
The Round Table Associations with Physical Locations
Occurrences of “Round Table” (by various names and descriptions) in Related “Literature”
Astrological Signs Associated with The Round Table
Geography, Genealogy, and Timeline of the Round Table

True Knights of Logres

Introduction to True Knights of Logres
Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison: The Name “Knight”, The Individual “Knights of Logres”, and Non-Arthurian “Knights”
Astrological Signs Associated with the Knights “of Logres”
Geography, Genealogy, and Timeline of the Knights

Adventures and Love

Introduction to Adventures and Love
The Adventure Story of Lancelot and The Lady of the Lake

Introduction to The Adventure Story of Lancelot and The Lady of the Lake
Sir Lancelot of The Lake, Best Knight of Logres

Introduction to Sir Lancelot of The Lake, Best Knight of Logres by Meredith L Mackworth-Praed and Anthony Adams
Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison: Lancelot’s Name, Another Lancelot, and Other Similar Knights/Warriors/Rescuers/Heroes/Gods

Introduction to the Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison:
Lancelot’s Name, Another Lancelot, and Other Similar Knights/Warriors/Rescuers/Heroes/Gods
Meaning and Origin of Lancelot’s Name
Existence of Another Lancelot
Comparison of Other Similar Knights/Warriors/Rescuers/Heroes/Gods to Lancelot

Beginnings

Family
Birth and Childhood
Becoming a Knight

As a Knight of The Round Table

In other tales, after joining the Round Table, Lancelot serves Duke Galahaut/Galeholt/Galehaut of Sorelois
Lancelot rescues Gawain
In Ulrich von Zatzikhoven’s Lanzelet, Lancelot travels to the castle of Pluris
Lancelot rescues Guinevere
Traveling on other adventures (recounted in different tales)
Urre/Urry of Hungary/(the Mount)
Lancelot, Amable, and Elaine/Amite/Helizabel/(Gwallwen)
Lancelot and Mordred
Lancelot goes Mad
Lancelot’s Grail Adventures

Endings

Lancelot’s Betrayal
Deaths of Arthur and Mordred
Deaths of Guinevere and Lancelot

Occurrences of “Lancelot” (by various names and descriptions) in Related “Literature”

The Archivolt/Archivault of the Porta della Pescheria on the Modena Cathedral. AD 1090/1120/1135/1140.
de Troyes, Chrétien. Lancelot, or Le Chevalier de la Charrete (Lancelot, or The Knight of the Cart). late Twelfth Century AD (c AD 1135).
de Troyes, Chrétien. Érec et Énide (Geraint and Enid). late Twelfth Century AD (c AD 1170).
de Troyes, Chrétien. Cligès. late Twelfth Century AD (c AD 1176).
Perlesvaus, or Le/Li Hauz Livre(s) du Graal (The High Book(s)/History of the Grail).
early Thirteenth Century AD (AD 1192/1205/1220/1225).
von Zatzikhoven, Ulrich. Lanzelet (Lanzalet in French and Spanish; Lancelot in English). early Thirteenth Century AD (c AD 1200).
Lancelot do Lac (Lancelot of the Lake). AD 1215/1220.
Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper). AD 1210s/1215/1230.
Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail). AD 1210s/1215/1230.
Vulgate Morte Artu (Death of Arthur). AD 1210s/1215/1230.
Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin (Continuation of Merlin, or The Merlin Continuation). AD 1230/1240.
Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail). AD 1230/1240.
Post-Vulgate Mort Artu (Death of Arthur). AD 1230/1240.
de Gat, Luce and Helie de Boron. Tristan en prose (Prose Tristan). AD 1225-1235, second half of Thirteenth Century AD (AD 1276).
Lantsloot vander Haghedochte (Lancelot of the Cave). c AD 1260.
Jehan. Les Merveilles de Rigomer (The Marvels of Rigomer). mid/late Thirteenth Century AD.
(Roman van) Lanceloet ((Romance of) Lancelot). AD 1322/1323.
Lanceloet en het Hert met de Witte Voet (Lancelot and the Hart/Stag with the White Foot). AD 1322/1323.
La Tavola Ritonda (The Round Table). AD 1325/1350.
Stanzaic Le Morte Arthur (The Death of Arthur). Fourteenth Century AD.
(La) Vendetta (Che fe Messer Lanzelloto de la Morte) di (Miser) Tristano
((The) Revenge/Vengeance (taken by Sir Lancelot for the Death) of (Sir) Tristan). Fourteenth Century AD.
Perceforest (Pierce the Forest). AD 1330/1344.
(The most complete of the four manuscripts known is “Manuscript C”.)
(It was written by David Aubert, c AD 1459/1460; for Duc Philippe de Bourgogne le Bon.)
Alliterative Morte Arthure (Death of Arthur). c AD 1400 (Fourteenth/Fifteenth Century AD).
(Li) C(h)antari di Lancel(l)otto (The Songs of Lancelot). late Fourteenth/early Fifteenth Century AD.
Le Livre de Lancelot du Lac (The Book of Lancelot of the Lake). c AD 1401/1425.
Füetrer, Ulrich. Prose Lantzilet (Prose Lancelot). c AD 1467, or AD 1471/1472 to AD 1475/1476.
Malory, Syr Thomas. (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483.
Lancelot of the Laik (Lancelot of the Lake). late Fifteenth Century AD.
Quando Tristano e Lancielotto al Petrone di Merlino (When Tristan and Lancelot fought at a Stone of Merlin). late Fifteenth Century AD.
Malory, Sir Thomas. Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur). Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485.
Füetrer, Ulrich. Stanzaic Lannzilet (Stanzaic Lancelot). AD 1483/1487.
Sir Lancelot du Lake (Sir Lancelot of the Lake). Sixteenth Century AD.
P(r)ovest′ o Tryshchane, or Povest o Trištanu i Ižoti, or Trysčan (Romance of Tristan, or Romance of Tristan and Isolde, or Tristan). c AD 1580.

Astrological Signs Associated with Lancelot

Leo — Sun+/- — Fire
Virgo — Mercury- — Earth
Scorpio — Mars- — Water

Geography, Genealogy, and Timeline of Lancelot

Geography of Lancelot
Genealogy of Lancelot
Timeline of Lancelot

The Lady of The Lake, Sacred Feminine of Logres

Introduction to The Lady of The Lake, Sacred Feminine of Logres by Martini Fisher and ?
Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison: The Name “The Lady of The Lake”, Multiple “Ladies of the Lake”, and Other Similar Females

Introduction to the Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison:
The Name “The Lady of The Lake”, Multiple “Ladies of The Lake”, and Other Similar Females
Meaning and Origin of The Name “The Lady of The Lake”
Existence of Multiple “Ladies of The Lake” (mostly by associations)
Comparison of Other Similar Females to “The Lady of The Lake”

Descriptions and Attributes of The Lady of The Lake

Appears as a beautiful, mysterious, dignified woman
Pragmatic, calm, and knowledgeable
Plays a pivotal role in many stories
Positive Traits
Negative Traits

Her Watery Court/Castle/Realm

Form and Features of Location — “Celtic” Otherworld
Possible locales for “The Lake”

Occurrences of “Lady of the Lake” (by various names and descriptions) in Related “Literature”

de Troyes, Chrétien. Lancelot, or Le Chevalier de la Charrete (Lancelot, or The Knight of the Cart). late Twelfth Century AD (c AD 1135).
Layamon. Brut (Brutus, or The Chronicle of Britain). late Twelfth/mid Thirteenth Century AD (AD 1209/1215).
von Zatzikhoven, Ulrich. Lanzelet (Lanzalet in French and Spanish; Lancelot in English). early Thirteenth Century AD (c AD 1200).
Lancelot do Lac (Lancelot of the Lake). AD 1215/1220.
Vulgate Lancelot Propre (Lancelot Proper). AD 1210s/1215/1230.
Vulgate Suite du Merlin (Story of Merlin). AD 1220/1230s/1235.
Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin (Continuation of Merlin, or The Merlin Continuation). AD 1230/1240.
Owain, neu (Chwedyl) Iarlles y Ffynnon/Ffynnawn (Owain, or the (Legendary) Lady of the Fountain). Thirteenth Century AD.
de Gat, Luce and Helie de Boron. Tristan en prose (Prose Tristan). AD 1225-1235, second half of Thirteenth Century AD (AD 1276).
d’Irlande, Richart. Les Prophecies de Merlin. (The Prophecies of Merlin). AD 1272/1279.
Arthour and Merlin (Arthur and Merlin). late Thirteenth Century AD.
Pieri, Paolino. La Storia di Merlino (The Story of Merlin). c AD 1300/1305.
La Tavola Ritonda (The Round Table). AD 1325/1350.
Perceforest (Pierce the Forest). AD 1330/1344.
(The most complete of the four manuscripts known is “Manuscript C”.)
(It was written by David Aubert, c AD 1459/1460; for Duc Philippe de Bourgogne le Bon.)
Prose Merlin. mid Fifteenth Century AD (AD 1450/1460).
Malory, Syr Thomas. (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483.
Vita di Merlino con le Sue Profetie (The Life of Merlin, with His Prophecies). c AD 1480.
Malory, Sir Thomas. Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur). Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485.

Astrological Signs Associated with The Lady of the Lake

Cancer — Moon-/+ — Water
Pisces — Jupiter- — Water
Libra — Venus+ — Air

Geography, Genealogy, and Timeline of The Lady of the Lake

Geography of The Lady of The Lake
Genealogy of The Lady of The Lake
Timeline of The Lady of The Lake

The Love Story of Tristan, Isolde, and Camelot
1. Introduction to The Love Story of Tristan, Isolde, and Camelot
2. Tristan and Isolde, Tragic Lovers in Logres
3. Camelot, Kingdom of Logres

Linkages and Synthesis (Excalibur, the History, and a Compendium)

Introduction to Linkages and Synthesis (Excalibur, the History, and a Compendium)
Excalibur, Sword of Logres

Introduction to Excalibur, Sword of Logres by Nicholas Anthony Tockert II and Thomas Branchetti
Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison: The Name Excalibur, Multiple Excaliburs, and Other Swords and Weapons

Introduction to The Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison: The Name Excalibur, Multiple Excaliburs, and Other Swords and Weapons
Meaning and Origin of The Name Excalibur
The Existence of Multiple Excaliburs

Introduction to The Existence of Multiple Excaliburs
(वज्र Vajrā: Vajra)/(“thunderbolt” of Indra)
(κεραυνός, Kerav̱nós: Keraunos)/(thunderbolt of Zeus)
Calabrops/Kalabrop(s)/Kalaurops/(club/septa)
Caletbolocos/(sword of lightning)
Caladcholg/Caladbolg/(hard belly)/(hard lightning)/(voracious)/Caledbolg/(In) Calad(-)bolg/(caladbuilc)/(sword of Fergus mac Roich/Roy/Róig/Rossa)
Caladfwlch/Caledfwlch/Caledvw(l)ch/Caledwich/Caladvw(l)ch/Calwdvwlch/Caladviolch/(hard notch)/(cledyf lluch (lleawc))/(sword flashing/bright (of Lleawc(h)))
Caletuwlch/Kaletvwlch/Kaledvoulc’h/Kaledvoul’ch/Caledvolc/(hard cleft)
Calesvol/Calleva/Calleba/Cal(l)ib(o)urc/Caliban/C(h)alabrum/C(h)alabrun/Caleburn/Caliburn(i)(us)
Calibo(u)r(n)(e)/Callibo(u)r(c)(h)/Estalibore/Escalibor(c)/Esicalibur/Es(e)calibur/Excalibor/Excalibar/Excalabur/Excalibur/(cut-steel)

Other Swords and Weapons, Comparison with and in Addition to Excalibur

Introduction to Other Swords and Weapons
Swords
Other Weapons and Arms/Armour

Beginnings

“Excalibur” was forged

Isle of Avalon
Otherworld
La Fontaine de Barenton (The Fountain of Barenton) in Forêt de Brocéliande (Forest of Brocéliande)
(Mt Ætna/Etna)/(Gibel Uttamat)/Mon(t)gibel(lo)/Monte(-)gibel
Anatolia, Caucasus, and the Balkans

Sword with a “Wootz” blade, made in the Indus Valley (Southeastern India, Northwestern Sri Lanka)
“Khopesh/Khepesh Style Sword”

Sumerian
Legendary Egyptian Sword that Glowed Blue when wielded

“Sword of Archangel Michael/میکائیل/مایکل/(mikâ'il)/(mâykel)/(who is like strength/power)”
“Sword of Priam”
“Sword of Aeneas”
Sword(s) of Gaius Iulius Caesar

Crocea Mors — Yellow Death
Angau Coch — Red Death
Angau Glas — Grey Death

Sword of Tiberius Claudius Nero (as a Gladius)
Sword of Prince Nennius/Nennios of Briton

Possibly Gaius Iulius Caesar’s Crocea Mors — Yellow Death
Which was buried with Nennius/Nennios

Sword of Fergus mac Roich
Sword of Cú Chulainn
“Sword of Rex Nemorensis”
Sword of Conchobar mac Nessa
Sword of Magnus Maximus/Maxen Wledig (as an Early Byzantine blade)
Passed to (The Lady of the Lake)/(a “sorcerous damosel”)
“Sword in the Stone” (Sword of Mars)/(Sword of the War God)/(Sword of the Gods)/(Sword of Attila) is broken in battle
Excalibur is bestowed upon Arthur

By a “sorcerous damosel”
By The Lady of the Lake (who also bestows Excalibur’s valueable scabbard)

Description and Attributes of Excalibur

The descriptions of Excalibur fit variations of the Spatha, a sword used by the Romans
When the sword was unsheathed (drawn), its blade glowed white-blue (as ice that was hot)
No armor could withstand it (monatomic or monomolecular blade edge)
Excalibur instantly kills anyone it touches
Possesses a kind of oracular magic — Gazing into the sword enabled Arthur to give every questioner an answer

In Arthur’s care

He draws against the Wild Beasts of the Forest
With this weapon, Arthur vanquished many foes
Against the Saxons, the sword Caliburnus (Excalibur) is used in the Battle of Badon
He occasionally entrusted “Excalibur” to Others

((Llaw/Llwch) L(l)eminawc)/(Lloch (Llawwynnyawc/Llawwynnyawg))(/Sir Lucan(e)/Lucus)
Llenlleawc/Llenlleawg Wyddel (the Irishman)
Gawain
Lancelot
Meliadus
Morgan le Fay

Endings

After the final battle with Mordred

Arthur commands one of his knights to throw “Excalibur” into a nearby lake
A mysterious hand rises from the water and seizes the sword, drawing it under
Excalibur is probably recovered by a water fairy (perhaps The Lady of the Lake herself)

Cadwr (Cador(ius)), Earl of Cornwall, rose with Arthur’s (his half-brother’s) sword
Constantine III (Custennin/Custenhin, son of Cadwr), who was the nephew of Arthur, had the sword Caliburc
Sometime between AD 1170 and AD 1180

Galgano Guidotti
In what is now called Rotonda di Montesiepi
He planted his sword in the ground
The sword is said to have immediately become one piece with the ground so that nobody could remove it
A story says that in a visions, he was told to renounce material things
He, stating that it would be as easy as splitting a rock, decided to make his point by plunging his sword into one
As the legend has it, the sword went through the stone like a knife through butter
Was this sword one of the “Excaliburs”?
Sometime afterward, did someone “worthy” remove it?

In AD 1191, King Richard the Lionheart

Presented “Caliburn(us)” to his ally, Tancred of Lecce (King of Sicily)
Sword was ‘discovered’ during the exhumation of Arthur’s body at Glastonbury in AD 1190

Supposedly in AD 1215, “Excalibur” was in the Royal Regalia lost by King John

When his treasure wagon overturned at The Wash
Whilst he was attempting to avoid the barons

During the early Thirteenth Century AD,

(Ex)calibur(n) had been passed down to Tancred’s successors
Through William III of Sicily
To Constance, Queen of Sicily and Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor
Until it reached Frederick II, the Holy Roman Emperor

In AD 1229,

Frederick II presented (Ex)calibur(n)
To Πέτρος Κορώνηωυ (Pétros Korónioy: Peter of Corone)

By AD 1260 (most likely between AD 1248 and AD 1254),

“Peter” had broken the sword (into at least two, if not three, pieces)
In battle with “Muhammad Yawar”
He had killed “Peter” at the very same time (with a piece of the sword’s broken blade)
Near what is now the Jordanian-Syrian border (on the Syrian side)

Possibly between AD 1254 and AD 1260

Presumedly, the body of “Peter” was taken to the Venetian castle that sits on a hill above the town of Corone (Koroni: Κορώνη) to be interred, along with a piece of (Ex)calibur(n)
Supposedly, the remaining piece of (Ex)calibur(n) was taken to the Roman Catholic church of Santa Maria Maggiore (Saint Mary the Greater) on Largo Santa Maria Maggiore in the town of Nicosia, in Enna province, Sicily

Afterward (between AD 1260 and AD 1277),

“Yawar” kept the piece of the sword’s blade (that he used to kill “Peter”) as a trophy
He returned home to “Kafashta” (possibly Nawa), Syria
“Muhammad Yawar” then gave the partial blade to the imam of the town (possibly Imam Nawawi)
It is assumed that the imam placed the piece of that sword within the town’s mosque

Occurrences of “Excalibur” (by various names and descriptions) in Related “Literature”

of Monmouth, Geoffrey. Historia Regum Britanniæ (History of Kings of Britain), or De Gestis Britonum (Of Deeds of Britons). AD 1136/1138/1139.
Wace of Jersey, Robert. Roman de Brut (Romance of Brutus, or A History of the British);
or Geste des Bretons (Deeds of the British/Britons/Bretons);
or Brut d’Engleterre (Brutus of England); or Roman des Rois d’Angleterre (Romance of Kings of England). AD 1155.
de Troyes, Chrétien. Perceval, or Le Conte del Graal (Perceval, or The Story/Tale of the Grail). late Twelfth Century AD (AD 1176/1180/1190/1191).
Culhwch ac Olwen (Culhwch/Kilhwch and Olwen/Olwyn),
from Llyfr Gwyn Rhydderch (White Book of Rhydderch) c AD 1325 and Llyfr Coch Hergest (Red Book of Hergest) c AD 1400.
de Boron, Robert. Didot(-)Perceval, or Romance of Perceval in Prose, or the Prose Perceval. AD 1200/1220/1230.
Vulgate Suite du Merlin (Story of Merlin). AD 1220/1230s/1235.
Post-Vulgate Huth-Merlin (Continuation of Merlin, or The Merlin Continuation). AD 1230/1240.
Post-Vulgate Mort Artu (Death of Arthur). AD 1230/1240.
Palamedes. c AD 1240.
La Tavola Ritonda (The Round Table). AD 1325/1350.
Stanzaic Le Morte Arthur (The Death of Arthur). Fourteenth Century AD.
Arthur and Kaletvwlch (Arthur and Excalibur). Fourteenth Century AD.
The Parlement of the Thre Ages (The Parliament of the Three Ages). mid/late Fourteenth Century AD.
Hardyng, John. John Hardyng’s Chronicle. AD 1457/1464.
Malory, Syr Thomas. (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur, or, as originally titled, The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table).
This ‘Winchester Manuscript’ was published AD 1469/1470/1481/1483.
Malory, Sir Thomas. Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur). Printed by William Caxton in AD 1485.
King Arthur’s Death. Sixteenth Century AD.

Astrological Signs Associated with Excalibur

Ophiuchus — Sun, Moon, Venus, Mercury, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn — Fire, Water, Earth, Air
Sagittarius — Jupiter+ — Fire

Geography, Genealogy, and Timeline of Excalibur

Geography of Excalibur
Genealogy of Excalibur
Timeline of Excalibur

The History: Cornwall, Wales, and France (Saxons, Romans, Picts, Scots, and The Irish)

Introduction to The History: Cornwall, Wales, and France (Saxons, Romans, Picts, Scots, and The Irish) by Jason Hamilton and Caleb Howells
Chronologies, Timelines, Calendars, and Timekeeping
Grand Chronology [*speculative]

Introduction to Grand Chronology
Earliest “date” on the “Proto-Hindu” (*Bharatan/Ariánic/“Vedic”(/Manasarovar/mind-lake) Ancient Indus Valley) calendar
1. c 155,519,999,998,000‬ BC ≈ 155,520,000,000,000 BC ≈ 156 Trillion BC
2. Normalised to c 11,963,076,922,923 BC ≈ 11,963,000,000,000 BC ≈ 12 Trillion BC
Earliest “date” on the “Proto-Slavic” (Proto-Orianian/Borusian/Skolotian/Cimmerian) calendar
1. c 1,499,998,000‬ BC ≈ 1,500,000,000 BC = 1.5 Billion BC
2. Normalised to c 115,384,462 BC ≈ 115,000,000 BC = 115 Million BC
*Earliest emergence “date” for “Aratta” (Cucuteni/Tryphillia)

c 1,021,800 BC ≈ 1,022,000 BC = 1.022 Million BC
Normalised to c 26,200 BC

Earliest “date” on the “Sumerian” calendar

<337,718 BC> ≈ 338,000 BC (beginning of “Atlantis”)
Normalised to <25,978 BC> ≈ 26,000 BC
Corresponds to the beginning of the reign of Alulim (Al-lulim, Alorus) of Eridu (Babylon) — Duration of <40,200 years>; Normalised to <3,092 years>

Date for the first of multiple floods (end of “Lemuria”, first cataclysm of “Atlantis”)

<35,843 BC> ≈ 36,000 BC
Normalised to <2,757 BC> ≈ 2,800 BC
Compared with the “Biblical Flood” date as “calculated” to be c 2,349 BC

Earliest “date” on the “Egyptian” calendar (end of “Hyperborea”)

<30,921 BC> ≈ 31,000 BC
Normalised to <10,686 BC> ≈ 11,000 BC
Corresponds to the beginning of the reign of Ptah

Beginning of Younger Dryas (second cataclysm of “Atlantis”)

<11,156 BC> ≈ 11,200 BC
Normalised to <3,719 BC> ≈ 3,700 BC

Date for Fall of First Dynasty of Kish (final cataclysm of “Atlantis”)

<9,576 BC> ≈ 9,600 BC
Normalised to <3,192 BC> ≈ 3,200 BC

The Keltoí, Keltai(s), Celtae, Celtiberi(ans), Celtici, Celtus, and “Modern Celts”

Introduction to The Keltoí, Keltai(s), Celtae, Celtiberi(ans), Celtici, Celtus, and “Modern Celts”
Gauls

Κελτοί/Keltoí/Γαλάται/Galatai/(Galatians)
Κελταί/Κέλται/Keltai(s)/(Ferries)
Celtae/Galli/(Galle)

Celtiberi(ans)

Lusones
Titi
Arevaci
Pelendones

Κελτικοί/Celtici

South of modern-day Portugal, in the Alentejo region, between the Tagus and the Guadiana rivers
Regions from Évora to Setúbal, being the coastal and southern areas occupied by the Turdetani
Region of Baeturia (northwestern Andalusia)
In the North, in Galicia, another group of Celtici dwelt the coastal areas; and comprised several populi, including the Celtici proper

Κελτός/Κέλτος/Keltos/Kǽltos/Celtus

1st-century literary genealogy by Παρθένιος/Parthenios/Parthǽnios/Parthenius of Νίκαια/Níkaia/Nicaea
Son of Ήρακλής/Herakles/Hercules/Iraklís and Κελτίνη/Keltine/Kæltíni
Κελτίνη/Keltine/Kæltíni is the daughter of Βρεττανός/Brettanos/Brettanus/Vrættanós

Modern “Celts”

Introduction to Modern “Celts”
Origin
Languages (in literary date order)

The History of Cornwall, Wales, and France

Introduction to The History of Cornwall, Wales, and France
The History of Cornwall

Introduction to The History of Cornwall
Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison: The Name “Cornwall”, Five “Cornwalls”, and Additional Places Similar to Cornwall
Geography, Genealogy, and Timeline of “Cornwall”

The History of Wales

Introduction to The History of Wales
Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison: The Name “Wales”, Multiple “Wales”, and Additional Places Similar to Wales
Prehistoric/Mythic era Wales
Roman era Wales/Cymru — AD 48 to AD 383
Post-Roman era Wales/Cymru — AD 383 to AD 550
Early Mediæval era Wales/Cymru — AD 550 to AD 871
True Mediæval era Wales — AD 871 to AD 1485
Early Modern era Wales — AD 1485 to AD 1623
Geography, Genealogy, and Timeline of Wales

The History of France

Introduction to The History of France
Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison: The Name “France”, Another Kind of “France”, and Additional Places Similar to France
Roman era Gaul
Post-Roman era Gaul/France
Early Mediæval era France
True Mediæval era France
Early Modern era France
Geography, Genealogy, and Timeline of France

The History of The Saxons, Romans, Picts, Scots, and The Irish

Introduction to the History of The Saxons, Romans, Picts, Scots, and The Irish
The History of The “Saxons”

Introduction to The History of The “Saxons”
Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison:
The Name “Saxon”, Migrations of The “Saxons”, and Additional Peoples Compared to The “Saxons”
Geography, Genealogy, and Timeline of The “Saxons”

The History of The Romans

Introduction to The History of The Romans
Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison: The Name “Roman”, Roman Settlements, and Roman-related Peoples
Roman era Britain — AD 43 to AD 410
Post-Roman era Britain — AD 410 to AD 550
Geography, Genealogy, and Timeline of The Romans

The History of The Picts

Introduction to The History of The Picts
Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison: The Name “Pict”, Pict Settlements, and Pict-related Peoples
Prehistoric/Mythic era “Picts” — c 898,000 BC to AD 43
Roman era Kings of The Picts — AD 43 to AD 410
Post-Roman era Kings of The Picts — AD 410 to AD 550
Early Mediæval era Picts — AD 550 to AD 850
Geography, Genealogy, and Timeline of The Picts

The History of The Scots

Introduction to The History of The Scots
Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison: The Name “Scot”, Scot Settlements, and Scot-related Peoples
Post-Roman era Scots — AD 474 to AD 550
Early Mediæval era Scots — AD 550 to AD 871
True Mediæval era Scots — Kings of Scotland
Early Modern era Scots — House of Stewart
Geography, Genealogy, and Timeline of The Scots

The History of The Irish

Introduction to The History of The Irish
Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison: The Name “Irish”, Irish Settlements, and Irish-related Peoples
Prehistoric/Mythic era Irish — 9500 BC to AD 43
Roman era Irish — AD 43 to AD 410
Post-Roman era Irish — AD 410 to AD 550
Early Mediæval era Irish — AD 550 to AD 871
True Mediæval era Irish — AD 871 to AD 1485
Early Modern era Irish — Lordship and Kingdom of Ireland
Geography, Genealogy, and Timeline of The Irish

A Compendium of Summaries: Geographical and Genealogical Origins and Archetypes of Arthuriana

Introduction to a Compendium of Summaries: Geographical and Genealogical Origins and Archetypes of Arthuriana
by Şafak Horzum, Fiona Ingram, Cheryl Carpinello, and Wendy Leighton-Porter
Summary of Geographies of Origins and Archetypes of Arthuriana

Geography of Arthur, Lord King of Logres
Geography of Guinevere, Lady Queen of Logres
Geography of Sir Perceval, Quest Knight of Logres
Geography of Sir Galahad, Quest Knight of Logres
Geography of The Holy Grail, Quest of Logres
Geography of Merlin, Prophet and Wizard of Logres
Geography of Morgan le Fay, one of The Dark Mysteries of Logres
Geography of Mordred, one of The Dark Mysteries of Logres
Geography of Avalon, one of The Dark Mysteries of Logres
Geography of Sir Gawain, Bravest Knight of The Five-Pointed Star of Logres
Geography of The Round Table
Geography of True Knights of Logres
Geography of Sir Lancelot of The Lake, Best Knight of Logres
Geography of The Lady of The Lake, Sacred Feminine of Logres
Geography of Sir Tristan, Tragic Lover in Logres
Geography of Lady Isolde, Tragic Lover in Logres
Geography of Camelot, Kingdom of Logres
Geography of Excalibur, Sword of Logres
Geography of The History of Cornwall
Geography of The History of Wales
Geography of The History of France
Geography of The History of The “Saxons”

Introduction to the Geography of The History of The “Saxons”
Geography of The History of The Angles
Geography of The History of The Saxons
Geography of The History of The Jutes
Geography of The History of The Frisians

Geography of The History of The Romans
Geography of The History of The Picts
Geography of The History of The Scots
Geography of The History of The Irish

Summary of Genealogies of Origins and Archetypes of Arthuriana

Genealogy of Arthur, Lord King of Logres
Genealogy of Guinevere, Lady Queen of Logres
Genealogy of Sir Perceval, Quest Knight of Logres
Genealogy of Sir Galahad, Quest Knight of Logres
Genealogy of The Holy Grail, Quest of Logres
Genealogy of Merlin, Prophet and Wizard of Logres
Genealogy of Morgan le Fay, one of The Dark Mysteries of Logres
Genealogy of Mordred, one of The Dark Mysteries of Logres
Genealogy of Avalon, one of The Dark Mysteries of Logres
Genealogy of Sir Gawain, Bravest Knight of The Five-Pointed Star of Logres
Genealogy of The Round Table
Genealogy of True Knights of Logres
Genealogy of Sir Lancelot of The Lake, Best Knight of Logres
Genealogy of The Lady of The Lake, Sacred Feminine of Logres
Genealogy of Sir Tristan, Tragic Lover in Logres
Genealogy of Lady Isolde, Tragic Lover in Logres
Genealogy of Camelot, Kingdom of Logres
Genealogy of Excalibur, Sword of Logres
Genealogy of The History of Cornwall
Genealogy of The History of Wales
Genealogy of The History of France
Genealogy of The History of The “Saxons”

Introduction to the Genealogy of The History of The “Saxons”
Genealogy of The History of The Angles
Genealogy of The History of The Saxons
Genealogy of The History of The Jutes
Genealogy of The History of The Frisians

Genealogy of The History of The Romans
Genealogy of The History of The Picts
Genealogy of The History of The Scots
Genealogy of The History of The Irish

Summary of Timelines of Origins and Archetypes of Arthuriana

Timeline of Arthur, Lord King of Logres
Timeline of Guinevere, Lady Queen of Logres
Timeline of Sir Perceval, Quest Knight of Logres
Timeline of Sir Galahad, Quest Knight of Logres
Timeline of The Holy Grail, Quest of Logres
Timeline of Merlin, Prophet and Wizard of Logres
Timeline of Morgan le Fay, one of The Dark Mysteries of Logres
Timeline of Mordred, one of The Dark Mysteries of Logres
Timeline of Avalon, one of The Dark Mysteries of Logres
Timeline of Sir Gawain, Bravest Knight of The Five-Pointed Star of Logres
Timeline of The Round Table
Timeline of True Knights of Logres
Timeline of Sir Lancelot of The Lake, Best Knight of Logres
Timeline of The Lady of The Lake, Sacred Feminine of Logres
Timeline of Sir Tristan, Tragic Lover in Logres
Timeline of Lady Isolde, Tragic Lover in Logres
Timeline of Camelot, Kingdom of Logres
Timeline of Excalibur, Sword of Logres
Timeline of The History of Cornwall
Timeline of The History of Wales
Timeline of The History of France
Timeline of The History of The “Saxons”

Introduction to the Timeline of The History of The “Saxons”
Timeline of The History of The Angles
Timeline of The History of The Saxons
Timeline of The History of The Jutes
Timeline of The History of The Frisians

Timeline of The History of The Romans
Timeline of The History of The Picts
Timeline of The History of The Scots
Timeline of The History of The Irish

Integrated Summary of the Geographies, Genealogies, and Timelines of Logres

Geography of Logres
Genealogy of Logres
Timeline of Logres

A Comprehensive Bestiary of Arthuriana

Asses (Male Donkeys)

Introduction to Asses (Male Donkeys)
Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Regum Britanniae (History of Kings of Britain)

Bears

Introduction to Bears
Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Regum Brittaniae
Vulgate Suite du Merlin
Ywain and Gawain
Alliterative Morte Arthure (Death of Arthur)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur)

Berbiolettes

Introduction to Berbiolettes
Chrétien de Troyes’ Érec et Énide (Erec and Enide)

Birds

Introduction to Birds
Sir Gawayne and the Greene Knight (Sir Gawain and the Green Knight)
Lancelot of the Laik (Lancelot of the Lake)
Babians
Cuckoos
Eagles
Falcons
Gerfalcons/Gyrfalcons
Hawks
Parrots
Pelicans
Pheasants
Phoenix
Serpilions
Sparrowhawks
Wood-Owls

Boars/Pigs/Sows

Introduction to Boars
Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Regum Britanniae (History of Kings of Britain)
Mabinogion
Béroul’s Tristan
Vulgate Cycle, or Lancelot-Grail (Cycle), or Prose Lancelot, or the Pseudo-Map Cycle
Gottfried von Strassburg’s Tristan
Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin, or Huth-Merlin (Continuation of Merlin)
The Avowing of King Arthur, Sir Gawain, Sir Kay, and Baldwin of Britain
Ywain and Gawain
Sir Gawayne and the Greene Knight (Sir Gawain and the Green Knight)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur)
Named Boars
Pigs/Sows

Bulls

Introduction to Bulls
Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail)
Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail)
Ywain and Gawain
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur)

Cats

Introduction to Cats
Pa Gur/Gwr Yv y Porthaur? (What Man is the Gatekeeper?, or Arthur and the Porter)
Andrew/André de Coutances’ Li Roman(z) des Franceis (The Romance of the French)
Graindor de Brie’s La Bataille (de) Loquifer (The Battle of Loquifer)
Trioedd Ynys Prydein/Prydain (Triads of British Isle, or the Welsh Triads)
Vulgate Estoire del Saint Grail (History of the Holy Grail, or L’Estoire de Merlin, or Vulgate/Prose Merlin)
Galeran de Bretagne (Galeran of Britain)
Manuel und Amande (Manuel and Amande)
Bertrand du Guesclin’s Roman d’Ogier le Danois, or Ogier de Danemarche (Romance of Ogier the Dane, or Ogier the Dane)
Prose Merlin

Deer

Introduction to Deer
Sir Gawayne and the Greene Knight (Sir Gawain and the Green Knight)
Syre Gawene and the Carle of Carlyle (Sir Gawain and the Carl/Churl of Carlisle)
Le Chevalier du Papegau (The Knight of the Parrot)
White Deer
Does
Harts
White Harts
Hinds
Stags/Bucks
White Stags

Dogs

Introduction to Dogs
Perlesvaus or Le/Li Hauz Livre(s) du Graal (The High History of the Holy Grail)
Vulgate Cycle, or Lancelot-Grail (Cycle), or Prose Lancelot, or the Pseudo-Map Cycle
Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin, or Huth-Merlin (Continuation of Merlin)
Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur)
Black Dogs
Bratchets
White Bratchets
Hounds
Greyhounds
Hunting Dogs
Named Dogs

Dragons

Introduction to Dragons
Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Regum Britanniae (History of Kings of Britain)
Béroul’s Tristan
Chrétien de Troyes’ Yvain, or Le Chevalier au Lion (Owain, or The Knight with the Lion)
Chrétien de Troyes’ Perceval, or Le Conte del Graal (Perceval, or The Story of the Grail)
Vulgate Cycle, or Lancelot-Grail (Cycle), or Prose Lancelot, or the Pseudo-Map Cycle
Gottfried von Strassburg’s Tristan
Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin, or Huth-Merlin (Continuation of Merlin)
Owain, generally included in the Mabinogion
Ívens/Yvens Saga (Owain, or The Knight with the Lion)
Penninc and Pieter Vostaert’s Roman van Wal(e)wein (Romance of Gawain)
Sir Tristrem (Sir Tristan)
Alliterative Morte Arthure (Death of Arthur)
Prose Merlin
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur)

Elephants

Introduction to Elephants
Alliterative Morte Arthure (Death of Arthur)

Foxes

Introduction to Foxes
Sir Gawayne and the Greene Knight (Sir Gawain and the Green Knight)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur)

Frogs/Toads

Introduction to Frogs/Toads
The Awntyrs off Arthur(e) at the Terne/Turne Wathelan/Wathelyn(e) (The Adventures of Arthur at the Lake/Tarn Wadling)

Griffins/Gryffins

Introduction to Griffins/Gryffins
Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin, or Huth-Merlin (Continuation of Merlin)
The Awntyrs off Arthur(e) at the Terne/Turne Wathelan/Wathelyn(e) (The Adventures of Arthur at the Lake/Tarn Wadling)

Hares/Rabbits

Introduction to Hares/Rabbits
Alliterative Morte Arthure (Death of Arthur)

Horses

Introduction to Horses
Chrétien de Troyes’ Lancelot, or Le Chevalier de la Charrete (Lancelot, or The Knight of the Cart)
Chrétien de Troyes’ Érec et Énide (Erec and Enide)
Chrétien de Troyes’ Perceval, or Le Conte del Graal (Perceval, or The Story of the Grail)
Vulgate Cycle, or Lancelot-Grail (Cycle), or Prose Lancelot, or the Pseudo-Map Cycle
Le Romanz du Reis Yder, or Roman de Yder, or Roman d’Yder (Romance of King Yder)
Geoffrey Chaucer’ “General Prologue” in Tales of Caunterbury (The Canterbury Tales)
Syre Gawene and the Carle of Carlyle (Sir Gawain and the Carl/Churl of Carlisle)
Syr Thomas Malory’s (Le) Morte Darthur (The Death of Arthur)
The Carle off Carlisle (The Carl of Carlisle, or The Churl of Carlisle)
Black Horses
Foals
Colts
Mares
Nags
Palfreys
Steeds
Named Horses

Hybrids (excluding Griffins and the Questing Beast)

Introduction to Hybrids
An Animal that is Variegated in Every Way
The Keeper of the Forest’s Beasts
The Giant of Mont Saint-Michel

Lambs

Introduction to Lambs
Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail)

Leopards

Introduction to Leopards
Vulgate Cycle, or Lancelot-Grail (Cycle), or Prose Lancelot, or the Pseudo-Map Cycle
Prose Merlin
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur)

Lions

Introduction to Lions
Physiologus
Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Regum Britanniae (History of Kings of Britain)
Chrétien de Troyes’ Lancelot, or Le Chevalier de la Charrete (Lancelot, or The Knight of the Cart)
Chrétien de Troyes’ Yvain, or Le Chevalier au Lion (Owain, or The Knight with the Lion)
Chrétien de Troyes’ Perceval, or Le Conte del Graal (Perceval, or The Story of the Grail)
Vulgate Cycle, or Lancelot-Grail (Cycle), or Prose Lancelot, or the Pseudo-Map Cycle
Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin, or Huth-Merlin (Continuation of Merlin)
Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail)
Owain, generally included in the Mabinogion
Ívens/Yvens Saga (Owain, or The Knight with the Lion)
Sir Bevis of Hampton
Ywain and Gawain
Alliterative Morte Arthure (Death of Arthur)
Prose Merlin
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur)

Mules

Introduction to Mules
Chrétien de Troyes’ Perceval, or Le Conte del Graal (Perceval, or The Story of the Grail)

Oxen

Introduction to Oxen
Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail)
Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail)
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur)

Questing Beast (Bizarre Beast, Glatysaunt Beast, Glatysaunte Beste, or Beste Glatisant)

Introduction to the Questing Beast (Bizarre Beast, Glatysaunt Beast, Glatysaunte Beste, or Beste Glatisant)
William of Malmesbury’s Gesta Regum Anglorum (Deeds of Kings of England)
Book of Revelation (from time-appropriate and contemporarily available sources)
Perlesvaus or Le/Li Hauz Livre(s) du Graal (The High History of the Holy Grail)
Vulgate Cycle, or Lancelot-Grail (Cycle), or Prose Lancelot, or the Pseudo-Map Cycle
Tristan en prose (Prose Tristan)
Post-Vulgate Cycle
Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur)

Serpents/Snakes

Introduction to Serpents/Snakes
Adders (classed both as Serpents and Snakes)
Serpents
Snakes

Unicorns/Monocerous

Introduction to Unicorns/Monocerous
Wolfram von Eschenbach’s Parzival (Perceval)
Le Chevalier du Papegau (The Knight of the Parrot)

Wolves

Introduction to Wolves
Vulgate Suite du Merlin
Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest of the Holy Grail)
Prose Merlin

Worms

Introduction to Worms
Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Regum Britanniae (History of Kings of Britain)

The Grand Arthuriad:

Afterword by Flint F Johnson

“There is more of Rome*, than of Romance, about Arthuriana” — Glyn Hnutu-healh

*and Achaea, Akkad, Alans, Anglia, Arameans, Armorica, Assyria, Babylon, Briton, Cambria, Canaan, Cornwall, Crete, Cumbria, Dalriada, Domnonia, Egypt,
Etruscans, ExtraTerrestrials, France, Frisia, Gaul, Greece, Hindavi, Hittites, Huns, Hurrians, Idubor, Ireland, Judaea, Jutland, Lydia, Macedonia,
Mesopotamia, Mycenaea, Narts, Norse, Persia, Phoenicia, Phrygia, Picts, Saxony, Scotland, Semites, Sumer, Ugarit, and Wales — to name a few

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